الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The transcription factors known as peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs)
are a subset of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. There are three different isoforms of
PPARs: PPAR-α, PPAR-γ, and PPARβ/δ. In heterodimers with the nuclear retinoic acid receptor,
they affect DNA response elements. In order to regulate the genes involved in the metabolism of
glucose, fatty acids, and cholesterol, PPARs serve a crucial physiological role. The activation of
PPAR-α encourages the synthesis of ketone bodies, glucose conservation, and fatty acid oxidation.
Insulin resistance has a wide range of metabolic effects, and it is linked to numerous diseases.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the illness most obviously linked to insulin resistance, but other
symptoms include hypertension, central obesity, a hypercoagulable condition, and dyslipidemia.
Hypertriglyceridemia is a hallmark of the atherogenic dyslipidemia linked to conditions of insulin
resistance; an increase in atherogenic tiny, dense low density lipoprotein (LDL), a rise in very
low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion from the liver that causes hypertriglyceridemia, and a
reduction in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL). When these lipid abnormalities are
present together, the risk of cardiovascular disease is increased. Each of these lipid abnormalities
represents a separate risk factor for coronary artery disease. Since these lipid abnormalities should
be evaluated and treated, it is important to identify patients who are insulin resistant as early as
possible. The expression of PPAR receptors is influenced by a variety of organic and synthetic
ligands. The treatment of dyslipidemia (e.g., fibrates; PPAR-α activators) and diabetes mellitus
(e.g., thiazolidinediones; PPAR-γ agonists) both make extensive use of synthetic ligands. New
generation medications that are PPARα/γ dual agonists exhibit increase insulin sensitivity,
hypolipemic, hypotensive, antiatherogenic, anti-inflammatory, and anticoagulant effect, while
overexpression of PPARβ/δ inhibits the onset of obesity and lowers lipid buildup in heart cells.