الفهرس 
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Abstract
The current in vitro study was designed to characterize and evaluate the antibacterial
efficiency of calcium hydroxide (Ca (OH)2)loaded on Gum Arabic (GA) nanocarrier
against E. faecalis biofilm and to compare this efficiency with conventional Ca
(OH)2, GA, Ca (OH)2 NPs, and GA NPs.
Material& Methods
The nano particle formulations for the tested medications were prepared and
characterized using Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), and Fouriertransform infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). A total of 135 human mandibular
premolars were selected and, their root canals were prepared. Fifteen roots were then
sectioned to obtain 30 teeth slices. All prepared root canals (n=120) and teeth slices
(n=30) were divided into six groups according to the intracanal medication used.
Each group was further subdivided into three subgroups according to evaluation
method: CFU test (n=10), Q-PCR test (n=10), and SEM evaluation (n=5). E. faecalis
was inoculated in the samples for 21 days to form biofilms then, the corresponding
medications were applied for 7 days. The remaining E. faecalis bacteria after
medications placement was evaluated.
Results:
The synthesis of all NPs was confirmed using TEM. The results of the FTIR
confirmed that the Ca (OH)2 was successfully loaded on the GA NPs. Also, FTIR
confirmed characterization of all NPs through observation of functional groups
involved in stabilization of synthesized NPs.
Summary
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Colony forming unit (CFU) assessment:
The six studied groups showed a highly significantly difference in CFUs as revealed
by ANOVA (p<0.001***). the lowest significant total bacterial count was recorded
in group of Ca (OH)2 loaded on GA NPs form (2.20 ± 0.22 CFU/ml). Accordingly,
the highest significant total bacterial count was recorded in control group (8.70 ±
0.22 CFU/ml). All groups showed significant difference between each other except
Ca (OH)2 and GA groups, also nano Ca (OH)2 and nano GA groups showed no
significant difference as revealed by Tukey’s HSD.
Quantitative Real-time polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) assessment:
The six studied groups showed a highly significantly difference in CT values as
revealed by ANOVA (p<0.001***). Accordingly, the lowest significant CT was
recorded in control group (17.12 ± 0.61). The highest significant CT level was
recorded in Ca (OH)2 loaded on GA NPs group (31.80 ± 0.64). All groups showed
statistically significant difference between each other as revealed by Tukey’s HSD.
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) evaluation:
SEM showed that biofilm of E. faecalis was diminished in all treatment groups.
Nano medications (nano Ca (OH)2, nano GA) showed better bacterial reduction
against E. faecalis than conventional ones (Ca (OH)2, GA). Ca (OH)2 loaded on GA
NPs showed the greatest bacterial reduction than other groups.