الفهرس 
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Abstract
Summary and Conclusions
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aging and different bonding protocols on resin-dentin bond strength, hybrid layer formation and nanoleakage for non-vital dentin, compared to simulated vital dentin.
Eighty recently extracted sound premolars were equally divided into two groups (simulated vital and non-vital). The teeth in the simulated vital dentin group were mounted in an incubating container constructed to simulate some intraoral conditions during the experiment (Intrapulpal pressure and body temperature), while teeth in the non-vital dentin group were subjected to all steps of endodontic treatment. All the teeth had their occlusal enamel removed then prepared to have two different occlusal levels as superficial and deep dentin. Adhesive and composite resin were applied on the teeth where each group was divided into two according to the used bonding mode of the universal adhesive (etch-and-rinse or self-etch). Each subgroup was further divided into two divisions according to aging period, half of the teeth in each subgroup were stored for 24-hours before testing, and the other half was subjected to thermocycling equivalent to one-year service in patient’s mouth.
For the µTBS test, six teeth per division were then sectioned into 1mm2 beams and the test was performed using a universal testing machine in tensile mode. Fracture mode analysis was performed using a stereomicroscope at 40X magnification.
For the nanoleakage evaluation, two teeth per division were sectioned into 2 mm2 slices. The dentin slices were immersed in ammonium silver nitrate tracer solution for 24 hours then in a photo-developing solution for eight hours. Resin-dentin interfaces in both dentin halves were analyzed using a SEM. The amount of silver nitrate within the dentin-adhesive interface was measured using the EDAX.
For hybrid layer evaluation two teeth per division were split into two halves and resin-dentin interfaces were scanned with SEM.
Results of µTBS test showed that bond strength to superficial simulated vital dentin was higher than bonding to superficial non-vital dentin, while bond strength to deep non-vital dentin was higher than bonding to deep simulated vital dentin.
It also showed that bond strength to superficial simulated vital dentin was higher than bonding to deep simulated vital dentin, while bond strength to superficial non-vital dentin was insignificantly different or slightly lower (when using etch-and-rinse mode after 24-hours) compared to bonding to deep non-vital dentin.
Thermocycling causes a decrease in the bond strength for both simulated vital and non-vital dentin.
Bonding using etch-and-rinse mode showed higher bond strength or insignificantly different bond strength (when tested after 24-hours on deep simulated vital dentin) compared to using self-etch mode in both simulated vital and non-vital dentin.
Results of nanoleakage test showed that nanoleakage values were not significantly different between superficial simulated vital dentin and superficial non-vital dentin after 24-hours, while after one-year, nanoleakage was higher in superficial simulated vital dentin than superficial non-vital dentin. For the deep dentin, nanoleakage was higher in deep simulated vital dentin than deep non-vital dentin.
It showed that nanoleakage values were greater in deep dentin than superficial dentin in both simulated vital and non-vital groups.
Thermocycling causes an increase in nanoleakage values for both simulated vital and non-vital dentin.
Bonding using etch-and-rinse mode showed higher or insignificantly different nanoleakage (when tested after 24-hours on deep simulated vital dentin) compared to using self-etch mode in both simulated vital and non-vital dentin.
Within the limitations of this in-vitro study, the following conclusions could be drawn:
1. The phenomenon of nanoleakage does not significantly impact micro-tensile bond strength initially. However, it can compromise the bond’s durability over time.
2. The etch-and-rinse bonding technique exhibits notably better micro-tensile bond strength in both vital and non-vital teeth. This suggests that the etch-and-rinse approach is more effective in achieving a stronger bond, regardless of the vitality of the tooth, making it a preferred method in dental procedures aiming for long-lasting adhesion.
3. Bonding to non-vital dentin using a universal adhesive provides more reliable bond strength values to deep dentin compared to vital dentin as well as reduced/comparable nanoleakage in both superficial and deep dentin, pointing out a promising durability of restorations bonded to endodontically treated teeth.
4. The selection of bonding protocols is critical for achieving optimal outcomes in both vital and non-vital dentin as although the etch-and-rinse bonding mode shows higher bond strength results than self-etch mode, its higher nanoleakage values pose a risk to the longevity of the bonded restoration.
5. Recognizing that aging considerably weakens the bond strength and durability of bonded restorations, it is essential to refine clinical protocols for meticulous bonding procedures, thereby enhancing the longevity of bonded restorations in both vital and non-vital teeth.
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