الفهرس 
Technologies and Components of Electric Vehicles
Lithium Deposits StructureOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Electric vehicles (EVs) have a huge potential to become the mode of transportation of the future, while also saving the earth from the impending tragedies caused by global warming. In comparison to conventional vehicles, which are directly reliant on depleting fossil fuel reserves, they represent a feasible option. This thesis addresses an extensive scope of topics related to electric vehicles, involving various configurations, power sources, charging techniques, and control modes. Each section’s important technologies have been explained and their potentials have been provided. Electric vehicles (EVs) have a wide range of implications across a wide range of industries, and the enormous potential they must contribute to a cleaner and greener energy system through collaboration with smart grids and the integration of renewable sources has been highlighted. The limitations of contemporary electric vehicles (EVs) have been identified, as well as potential remedies to these problems. The most up-to-date optimization and control algorithms have been added as well. Chapter 1 analyzed significant technology and future trends in several areas, with an emphasis on the critical components of EVs.
Chapter 2 discusses the use of batteries in electric vehicles, which are regulated by a sophisticated framework known as Battery Management Systems (BMS). The voltage, current, and temperature readings of the pack are adjusted to maintain optimal functionality. Equalizing the voltage across all the cells in a battery is one of the most important matters that can be done to extend its useful life. Another important factor is maintaining an appropriate charge level to ensure that an electric vehicle will have sufficient range. AE and PE are the two primary approaches to cell Equalization. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the research that is being done on the combination of these two methods to measure the level of autonomy possessed by a pack throughout a driving cycle.
In chapter 3, a model of a FC station that can provide FC of EV is proposed. To implement a DC-Bus, an AC/DC converter is connected to the power grid. The converter was constructed in such a way that it could achieve PF operation that was very close to unity while also drawing minimal line current harmonics. When the load changes, the efficacy remains consistent. According to the findings, the v_dc, V_b, and I_b all behave in a suitable dynamic manner.
In chapter 4, the connections between the rates of deterioration that occur at the cell level and those that occur at the pack level are not yet fully understood. Several different charging and preheating processes have been developed for individual cells; however, the impacts, practicality, and cost of using these techniques in battery packs have not been fully understood. Some methods of charging may improve the performance of individual cells, but when applied to a whole pack, they can cause current or temperature inhomogeneities. There must be a lot more study done on this topic before unorthodox techniques can be used in operational settings. Also, there haven’t been many modeling studies that looked at how differences between cells affect how well the whole pack does. Since it seems likely that FC will make differences bigger, research on many different scales is needed right away. For the design and control of cells and packs to work together, multiscale modeling will have to be developed. It will also play a crucial role in linking research projects of varying scopes to the enhancement of commercial systems’ efficiency.
The most recent thermal testing techniques for LIBs are covered in detail in Chapter 5, along with the need for the best test procedures, the methods that are already in use, any issues they may present, and suggestions. Accurate LIB temperature estimation is crucial for BMSs’ effective thermal management, operational safety, and various other activities (BMS). Physical sensors are nearly useless for determining each cell’s temperature, particularly in large-capacity batteries that include hundreds of different cells. It is essential to concentrate on some aspects while creating an ideal temperature estimate circuit, including high precision, high adaptability, small size, real-time estimation, distribution (battery assembly temperature monitoring), low cost, and simplicity of use. A temperature estimation system typically consists of two models: one for heat release and the other for heat transport. Temperature estimation circuits are classified into six types based on their modelling and calculation techniques: electrochemical computational modelling, EECM, ML, digital analysis, and direct impedance measurement. Magnetic nanoparticles serve as a basis. The most precise methods are based on numerical analysis, followed by electrochemical models. Unfortunately, because of the high computational costs of both methods, none can forecast low-cost integrated BMS live.
Chapter 6 talks about accurate models that can predict the performance of LIBs under different operating conditions. It develops a battery model that considers the correct thermal heating of large prismatic batteries (PBs) used in electric vehicles
Chapter 7 states the simulation results and chapter 8 states the conclusions of our work.