الفهرس 
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Abstract
Natural killer cells, which are produced circulate in the blood and
make up about 2% of the total number of white blood cells as we
founded. Natural killer cells are particularly important for responding to
and destroying cells that have become infected with a virus and cancer
cells. Natural killer cells have long been considered part of the innate
immune system, which means that they can ”non-specifically” destroy
any invaders that they encounter in the body, such as bacteria and
parasites.
Peripheral blood, five NK cell subpopulations can be defined on
the basis of the relative expression. The CD56dim CD16bright NK cells
represent at least 90% of all peripheral blood NK cells and are therefore
the major circulating subset maximum of 10% are CD56bright NK cells.
The various subsets can easily be distinguished by flow cytometry as
depicted in our data (CD56dim16+, CCd56dim16-), these subtypes were
highly decreased in HCC and HCV-HCC cases.
CD56bright cells were predominant in secondary lymphoid tissues,
and CD56dim cells, predominant in peripheral blood (PB). CD56bright
cells have been shown to derive from CD34 hematopoietic stem cells
(HSC) via phenotypically identified stages. CD56 is thought to have
tumor suppressing activity and reduction in its expression has been
found to correlate with tumor. The CD16 is a common marker on human
NK cells. It is involved in their activation pathway. It is, also, expressed
on a subset of monocytes/macrophages, neutrophil granulocytes and mast
Summary
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cells. The CD56 and CD16 were measured in this observation were
agreed with many authors.
Flow cytometry (FCM) is a technology that allows a single cell to
be -measured for a variety of characteristics determined by looking at
how they flow in liquid. Instruments used for this can gather information
about cells by measuring visible and fluorescent light emissions allowing
cell sorting based on physical, biochemical and antigenic traits. This
technique was used as accurate and recent procedure to investigate more
beneficial in our present study.
The aim of this work is to study the peripheral blood
immunophenothypic features of lymphocytes cells among patients with
HCV and HCC by evaluate the presence of CD markers in NK cells in
Menoufia University Hospitals. This work aims also the peripheral blood
examination by flow cytometry in diagnosis of HCV, HCC and HCV
related HCC and possibility of immune therapy in our future study.
This study was carried out on 60 newly diagnosed patients with
HCV, HCC and HCV related HCC, in addition to 20 healthy individuals
group at Menoufia University Hospital.
In the present work, routine testing CBC, ALT, AST, total bilirubin
and Albumin, and immunophenotyping by flow cytometry were done.
These biomarkers were reflected the cases status especially HCV, HCC
and HCV-HCC as showed in tabled our data.
The present study spots a beam of light on percent of CD3, CD16,
and CD56 on lymphocytes in patient suffering from HCV, HCC and
Summary
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HCV related HCC and compares the result of patients with the control
group. CD cells were increased as suggested a activator cells in different
groups, where the CD16 and CD56 subtypes were decreased as cytotoxic
cells especially in HCC and HCV-HCC two groups.
Immunophenotyping by flow cytometry using some markers CD3,
CD16, and CD56 were performed for all patients and the control group;
the percentage of the CD markers is considered positive if more than 20%
of cells. The NK cell testing was offer the possibility and potential to
target HCV and HCC immune therapy.
Conclusion
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Conclusions
The host immune response plays critical role in HCV infection
because of its potential to contribute not only to viral clearance but also to
liver injury.
NK cells are effectors cells of the innate immune system that can
directly lyse infected cells and modulate adaptive immune responses.
Addressing both the innate and adaptive immune systems will hold
key to the development of successful vaccination strategies for HCV, HCC.
In acute HCV infection NK cells are activated, displaying increased
cytotoxicity and increased IFNγ secretion.
In chronic HCV infection, NK cell frequency is reduced, with
change in phenotype towards NK2 type cytokines (IL-10 and TGFβ).
HCV and HBV affect NK cell subsets according to the status of the
diseases, especially CD56dim NKG2 and CD-CD56bright NKG cells, may be
of interest for disease monitoring.
Our study demonstrated that the absolute counts of NK cell
decreased in different proportions in patients with HCV-related HCC.
There was a marked decrease in both CD56dim16+ and CD56dim16 and in
particular, the CD56bright cells that refers to a possible role for these cells in
the immune response to HCC. This might aid in developing new immune
therapeutic strategies targeting both NK subsets for HCC.