الفهرس 
Typical aging changes include the followingOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is a bothersome gynecology problem all around the world, with an estimated prevalence of 40% in adult women. Birth trauma, aging, obesity and estrogen deprivation are well-known risk factors.Mild SUI, leakage during vigorous actions such as exercise, sneeze, laugh, cough, or lifting something heavy; moderate or severe SUI, leakage during less strenuous activities such as standing or bending.A variety of treatment modalities is currently available: lifestyle modification and pelvic floor muscle exercise might be effective for mild degree of SUI symptom; electrostimulation, biofeedback, and extracorporeal magnetic innervation are non-invasive symptom-control methods. Anti-incontinence surgeries, such as mid-urethral tapes and colposuspension are effective and durable. Each method has its strengths and limitations that should be adopted according to individual condition, characteristics, disease severity, and economic considerations to reach a shared decision making between the healthcare provider and patients.