الفهرس 
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Abstract
ESRD patients are at risk of developing CVD due to both traditional and non-traditional factors. Vitamin D has potential benefits in reducing the risk of CVD by preventing vascular calcification and atherosclerosis. Additionally, vitamin D has been found to regulate inflammatory and immunologic pathways involved in the development of atherosclerosis. Understanding the relationship between vitamin D levels and vascular calcification could provide valuable insights for predicting CVD risk.
So, in the present study we aimed to study the Relation between atherosclerosis and serum level of 25(OH) vitamin D among Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients
This study is a cross - sectional study. It carried out on 90 patients on end stage renal disease patients (ESRD) at outpatients’ clinics and internal medicine and nephrology department Ain Shams university and The National Institute of Nephrology and Urology. from June 2021 till December 2021
The patients were divided into two groups:
group A: 44 ESRD patients on maintenance hemodialysis with normal carotid intima media thickness.
group B: 46 ESRD patients on maintenance hemodialysis with increased carotid intima media thickness.
After Complete History and physical examination for all patients. They had laboratory investigations (serum urea and urea reduction ratio, serum calcium, serum phosphorus, serum alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone level, CRP titer, lipid profile and serum 25(OH)). And finally they had a Doppler on carotid artery.
Our study results have revealed that:
• There were non-significant changes between the group A (44 ESRD patients on maintenance hemodialysis with normal carotid intima media thickness) and group B (46 ESRD on maintenance hemodialysis with increased carotid intima media thickness) as regard age, BMI, Weight, HD duration, DM, lung disease, URR, Use of vitamin D.
• Out of all laboratory data, Lipid profile and Serum 25-(OH) Vitamin D of our 90 studied cases, only serum calcium showed a significant difference between two groups (p=0.008).
• There was no significant relationship between the analyzed groups’ lipid profiles (LDL, HDL, Triglycerides, Total cholesterol).
• CIMT was insignificant difference between both groups (p=0.59).
• The correlations between vit D. and other parameters were determined. There exist obvious positive correlations between vit D with levels of serum ca, and TG (p =0.010, p =0.025 respectively), and negative associations between vit. D with weight, alkaline phosphatase level, serum urea (p = .011, p = .003, p = .039 respectively). vit. D had an insignificant association with age, BMI, URR or duration of dialysis.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on this study, it is recommended that:
• Future studies may warrant multivariate modeling of different doses of vitamin D supplementation with their levels and to study its role in evaluating atherosclerosis in hemodialysis patient as well.
• The number of patients was relatively small and therefore larger scale studies are required to verify our findings.
• Almost all participants have only been living in the same part of Egypt. Therefore, the data may not be generalizable to be the rest of the country. Hence, we suggest further study subjective to a population of a broader area for appropriate population survey.