الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The special area of reconstructive practice has Had a most interesting evolution to its current state of development. Man’s need for artificial replacement to supply missing or lost parts of the body has probably existed as long as man himself. Body abnormalities or defects that compromize appearance,function,and accomodation sufficient to render an individual incapable of leading a relatively normal life have usually prompted responses that seek to bringthe person to a state of acceptable normality. Thanks to the use of many artificially made materials, surgery of Ear, Nose, and Mhroat and Maxillofacial surgery have recently advanced. Such materials are used either as complementary or compensatory agents. In the field of Ear Surgery, total ossicular replaoement prostheses and partial ossicular replacement prostheses (TORP and PORP) play an important role in the surgical management of traumatic or inflammatory lesions of the middle ear associated with erosion of the ossicles.