الفهرس 
INTRODUCfION &. AIM OF WORKOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The pro inflammatory cytokines are responsible for the various manifestations of infectious and inflammatory diseases. Their patterns in typhoid and paratyphoid fevers were a focus of interest for several investigators who showed some controversy regarding the level of these cytokines. Adhesion molecules are a group of cell surface receptors that are stimulated mainly by inflammatory mediators such as IL-1, TNF, endotoxin, IFN y. They are involved in cellular interactions which are important in immune and inflammatory phenomena. In Salmonella infections, only experimental studies are available that shows increased expression of some of these molecules (ICAM-l, VCAM-l) on exposure to Samonalla endotoxins. This study was planned to determine the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1 (3, IL-6, IL-8. and sTNF-RI together with sICAM-1 and sVCAM-l in children with typhoid and paratyphoid fevers in order to highlight the role of these mediators in typhoid pathogenesis and correlation of them with clinical features and outcome of the disease. For this purpose 30 children (10 females and 20 males) with their ages ranging from 1.5-13 years (mean 8.78 y ± 3.3) with culture proven acute typhoid (24 cases) and paratyphoid (6 cases) fevers and 10 healthy children (6 females and 4 males) with ages from 2.5-12 years (mean 7.5 y ± 1.05) were enrolled in this study. Patients and controls were subjected to thorough history and physical examination in addition to; CBC, Widal test, ESR, CRP. Patients recieved treatment in the form of chloramphenicol in a dose of 50 mg/kg and cotrimoxazole in a dose of 10 mg/kg/day (TMP).