الفهرس 
Embryology of the hand
UndergrowthOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the hand comprise a field of reconstructive surgery that still stimulates continual se¬arch for newer methods to provide useful function and acceptable appearance to the affected child’s hand. Etiology:The etiology of congenital anomalies of the hand has not been conclusively established. The primary lesion may be caused either by an abnormal genetic factor in the developing embryo or by unusual environmental circumstances including deleterious drugs taken by the pregnant mother, low oxygen tension, hypo¬vitaminosis and changes in the characters of amniotic fluid. Virus infection of the mother in early pregnancy is a well known cause of congenital anomalies. Irradiation is another cause of anomalies. All these factors cause change in the gene pattern in the chromosomes that result in abnormal development of the early forming embryo. Incidence: Congenital hand deformities occur in 5.4 per thousand live birthes. Polydactylia is the commonest anomaly and occurs in a ratio of 1 to 258 in non whites.