الفهرس 
Introduction
Gender identityOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Female Circumcision(FC),also termed Female Genital Mutilation(FGM), is a cultural practice that started in Africa about 2000 years ago and diffused throughout a contagious area. Approximately 130 million girls have undergone this practice and another 2 million women are estimated to experience it every year. FC/FGM is carried out at various ages and for many purposes. The procedure is frequently done under less than hygienic conditions, and often without anesthesia by other than medically trained personnel, so this procedure can cause various side effects. In Egypt, The most recent survey estimates that about 97% of Egyptian women were circumcised. In 1979 in Sudan, the WHO held the first international conference on FC/FGM, and during the last 2 decades, several international and national humanitarian and medical organizations have drawn worldwide attention to the physical harms associated with FC/FGM. Although efforts to eliminate FC/FGM have often been unsuccessful because opponents of the practice ignored its social and economic context.