الفهرس 
IIntroduction and aim of workOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
520Nowadays many diagnostic procedures are used for diagnosis of congenital fetal defects. These include visualization of fetal anatomy by sonography, radio¬graphy and fetoscopy,also amniotic fluid studies as oo-fetoprotein (AlP) concentration and amniotic fluid cell karyotype. Ultrasound procedures are relatively simple to be applied at any time without much preparation and without adverse effects on either mother or fetus. The most useful ultrasonic equipments for diagnosis of congenital fetal defects are the conventional or ”B¬scanner” and the real-time scanner, using frequencies of between 2.25 and 5.0 MHz (mega-hertz). Both types poss¬ess certain advantage over one another, but neither fulfils every requirement. At best, therefore, each may be regarded as being complemantary to the other. Ultrasonic examination requires minimal patient preparation, consisting of a moderately full bladder and the application to the skin surface of a coupling medium such as paraffin oil.