الفهرس 
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Abstract
Fluoride is ubiquitous in the environment as it is the 13th most abundant element on earth’s crust. The fluoride ion (F-) toxicity manifestation was included the effect on kidney, parathyroid glands, skeletal fluorosis, excess bone development, calcification of ligament and stiffing of bone joints. One of the effects of fluoride exposure in organisms is the impact of free radical parameters on antioxidant defense systems, such as the activity of antioxidant enzymes and nonenzymatic species leading to increase in free radical mediated tissue impairments such as lipid peroxidation. Therefore, this study was designed to study the effect of fluoride ion on the oxidative stress in the workers which exposed to fluoride ion in super phosphate factory, Abu Zabal City, Egypt. In addition, Enzymatic antioxidants include the assay of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GSH-R) activities. The levels of reduced glutathione, as non-enzymatic antioxidants, and malondialdehyde (MDA), as an end product of lipid peroxidation, were also studied in all workers. Moreover, the levels of follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) and leutinizing hormone (LH), as markers for evaluating fertility. In addition, the level of immunoglobulins (IgM, IgG, IgA) and the level of the proinflammatory cytokines; namely, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) were also done. As well as, routine liver function were also done. The results of the present study suggested that the exposure to fluoride lead to reduction in the levels and activities of antioxidants, thus, leading to an increase in oxidative stress and malondialdehyde levels (MDA) of the workers who exposed to fluoride. In addition, the increases in oxidative stress may cause indirectly damage of gonads by the increase in the levels of FSH and LH trophic hormones. Moreover, the results of TNF-α and immunoglobulins suggested that the fluoride exposure, mostly induce the cellular immune response rather than the humeral one. From the results of the present study, we recommended to perform community plan to control fluoride ion exposure of workers who exposed to high fluoride levels. This is because such exposure can affect antioxidant levels causing oxidative stress immunological damage and finally organs disorders; including liver and tests in male workers. Moreover, we suggested that Environmental Organization must increase their studies and their activities on the area of super phosphate or similar Factories.