الفهرس 
Theoretical background and literature survey
CalcinationOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The first aim of the present work is to prepare various types of calcium phosphates in nanometric scale through curing with microwave and confirm there structures and purity percentage by using several characterization methods. The second major aim is to incorporate transitional and rare earth metal ions in the calcium phosphate crystal structure to improve its bioactivity behavior in vitro. Structural analyses (XRD and FT-IR) confirmed that calcium phosphate ceramic obtained with high degree of purity to match with ASTM recommendations. Morphological analysis revealed the ability of microwave radiation to reduce and homogenize the particle size of synthesized calcium deficient hydroxyapatite powders compared to non irradiated samples. In-vitro test revealed that the presence of niobium and tantalum ions in the HA structure accelerated the deposition and crystallization of apatite layer through the formation of calcium tantalate and calcium niobate. While, neodymium ions incorporation improved the bioactivity of the prepared calcium phosphate samples through formation of Nd-OH group which is considered as a site of apatite nucleation. Therefore, it was possible to obtain three pure phosphatic phases being -TCP, HA, and BCP. The nano range was achieved which mimic the natural phases. Incorporation of ions enhanced their bioactivity and created surface layer deposition that would satisfy requirement as a bone substitution.