الفهرس 
Introduction and Aim of the workOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
• Chronic renal failure is a progressive loss of renal function over a period of months or years through five stages. The main causes of kidney failure are diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, cystic kidney diseases, and urologic diseases, in decreasing order of magnitude. • Some early symptoms of kidney disease are frequent headaches, fatigue, and itching. Disease progression is associated with increases or decreases in urination frequency, loss of appetite, nausea, and vomiting. Other signs and symptoms include decreased mental concentration, darkening of the skin, and muscle cramps In addition, acid produced during metabolic processes can accumulate in the body, causing metabolic acidosis. The leading cause of death in patients with chronic kidney disease is cardiovascular disease, regardless of whether there is progression to stage 5. • Renal transplantation is an important lifesaving renal replacement therapy and has been shown to offer many advantages when compared with dialysis. Dialysis is initiated when uremic symptoms, among which anorexia and lethargy are usually the most prominent, advance to the point at which treatment is expected to effect an improvement. • Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are treatments that take over the function of the failed kidneys but do not cure ESRD. Problems frequently associated with long-term dialysis include bone disease, high blood pressure, nerve damage, and anemia.