الفهرس 
Introduction and Aim of the workOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
This present thesis proved that aging is a gradual process, with no clear separation line between adult and aged groups.
The testis showed both morphological and functional changes with ageing, such as signs of apoptosis in the spermatogenic cells, abnormal shape of sperms and decrease the number of interstitial cells of Leydig which is responsible for production of testosterone.
These changes developed progressively, being insignificant histologically at 12 months old rats, and became significant at 24 months of age. This can account for the high incidence of congenital anomalies of children with aged fathers. It is recommended that old aged male individuals should perform regular seminal analysis and sperm morphology examination as precocious measures to prevent morphological and functional malformations of their offsprings. Hormonal assay for testosterone in the blood is also recommended to ensure healthy spermatogensis.