الفهرس 
Introduction and aim of the workOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 112 |  |  |
| | | from | 112 | | |
Abstract
Definition of Pneumonia: Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung that is most often caused by infection with bacteria, viruses, or other organisms. Classification of pneumonia according to location in the lung: Lobar pneumonia occurs in one part, or lobe of the lung and Bronchopneumonia tends to be scattered throughout the lung. Classification of pneumonia according to Origin of infection: Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) and Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia. Conditions that Lead to Pneumonia: Damage to the epiglottis, Viruses, Old age, chronic diseases and Surgery. Symptoms: A single episode of shaking chills followed by fever, chest pain on the side of the infected lung, shortness of breath, rapid breathing and heart beat, cough, nausea, vomiting, and muscle aches and emergency symptoms. Symptoms of pneumonia indicating a medical emergency include the following: high fever, rapid heart rate, bluish-toned (cyanotic) skin, labored and heavy breathing and coughing up mucus (sputum) containing pus or blood. Clinical diagnosis: Pneumonia should rule out other conditions, using a chest x-ray. Laboratory diagnosis two sets of blood cultures, a urine analysis for legionella, and a lung fluid sample, among other tests. Treatment: Patients with pneumonia are generally treated with: Antibiotics, Respiratory support with oxygen, if needed, and Categorizing Severity and Determining the Need for Hospitalization. Prevention: The best way to prevent serious respiratory infections such as pneumonia is to avoid those who are sick (if possible), and to practice good hygiene. Good Hygiene and Preventing Transmission. Colds and flu are spread primarily from infected persons who cough or sneeze. A very common method for transmitting a cold is by shaking hands. Hands should always be washed before eating and after going outside. Using ordinary soap is sufficient. Alcohol-based gels are also effective for every day use, and may even kill cold viruses. If extreme hygiene is required, alcohol-based rinses are needed. ICAM-1 and pneumonia: ICAM-1 it is a cytokine inducible adhesion molecule expressed on the cells of multiple lineages at sites of inflammation. Function of ICAM-1: support the view that in conjugation with LFA-l, determining the passage of leucocytes across an endothelial barrier into a site of inflammation. ICAM-l has also been shown to be active in the recruitment of eosinophils; ICAM-l also inhibits eosinophil adhesion to stimulated monolayers of human umbilical vein endothelial cells in vitro but, not to immune complex coated plastic Role of ICAM-1 in Pneumonia: ICAM-1 plays an important role in host defense against pneumonia by determine the antimicrobial activity of phagocytes within lung. We isolated 40 patients from different hospitals who have pneumonia which have pneumonia, their age range between 4 to 60 years, male and female and 10 healthy cases as a control. We take sputum of these patients and make culture on blood, choclete, macconkey, there give different kinds of bacteria klebssiella pneumonia, staphylococcus aureus , streptococcus (α-hemolytic) and MRSA. Then we take it and culture in Muller Media to find the sensitive Antibiotic to different kind of their bacteria. Then we take serum of these patients to make Elisa, to calculate the ICAM-1 level in serum of patients and serum of control level. We find that ICAM-1 level in serum of patients high than icam-1 in serum of control, Pneumonia common in childhood and old man.