الفهرس 
Introduction and aim of the workOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a disease of large and medium-sized muscular arteries and is characterized by endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, and the buildup of lipids, cholesterol, calcium, and cellular debris within the intima of the vessel wall. This buildup results in plaque formation, vascular remodeling, acute and chronic luminal obstruction, abnormalities of blood flow and diminished oxygen supply to target organs. The three factors largely responsible for this were an increase in the use of tobacco products, reduced physical activity, and the adoption of a diet high in fat, calories, and cholesterol. This rising tide of cardiovascular disease continued into the twentieth century, but began to recede when data from the Framingham study identified a number of modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease, including cigarette smoking, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia. Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis was explained by many theories: endothelial cell defect, The lipogenic hypothesis, Role of metabolic syndrome, Role of coagulation cascade and fibrinolytic system, Role of platelet aggregability, Role of homocysteine, Sex hormone imbalance and Inflammatory molecules role. The need for identifying serum markers of atherosclerosis in the process of early detection and prediction of risk for cardiovascular disease has gained much attention in recent years. These biomarkers are such as: levels of lipids and lipoproteins, Troponins I and T, Proteomes, homocysteine, CRP, CD40/CD40L system, myeloperoxidase and neopterin.