الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present work is represented in three chapters, first chapter contains simply scientific review collected from scientific references that related to the thesis topic, it consists of: I, cellulose and cellulose modifications through esterification, etherification reactions, crosslinking and grafting reactions onto cellulose. II, flame retardants of textiles specially of cellulose and their blends specially mechanism of phosphorous flame retardant and synergists flame retardants, types - selection, terminology and testing methods of flame retardants. Process of burning, thermal degradation and flammability of cellulose, commercial fire-retardant treatments for cotton. The second chapter of the present work shows the methods of grafting cotton fabrics with DMAEMA using a cellulose-thiocarbonate / (NH4)2S2O8 redox initiation system, and methods of grafting of two vinyl monomers onto cotton fabrics with GMA using Fe2+-thiourea dioxide-H2O2 redox system and methods to impart flame-proofing properties via treating the poly DMAEMA-cellulose graft copolymer with aqueous solution of phosphoric acid or ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and poly GMA-cellulose graft copolymer with dimethylphosphite. A detailed description of methods used for testing and analysis included determination of nitrogen percent, and determination of the phosphorus content, (flammability, tensile strength and crease recovery) tests. Third chapter (results and discussion) consists of: I, results of studying the major factors affecting the graft yield, when cotton fabric is grafted with DMAEMA followed by treating with ammonium dihydrogen phosphate or phosphoric acid to impart flame-proofing properties. Results obtained showed that using DMAEMA:HNO3 with a concentration 400 % at pH =1.5, Liquor ratio 1:20 at temp. 250C for 120 min. and ammonium persulphate (1%), CS2 (1ml), ferrous sulphate (0.25%), NaOH (1%) gave the best graft yield. According to the best grafting obtained upon treatment, the grafted cellulose treated with aqueous solution of phosphoric acid or ammonium dihydrogen phosphate forming stable ionic bonds between the amino groups in grafted cotton and to one of the aforementioned acidic reagents compound. The flame retardency properties of DMAEMA:HR-grafted cotton fabrics before and after dry cleaning (25 times) in tetra chloroethelyne are excellent that’s after testing the flammability of fabrics after treatment. Also the fabrics pass through some tests to examine the mechanical properties of fabrics. II, results of studying the major factors affecting the graft yield, when cotton fabric is grafted with GMA using Fe2+-thiourea dioxide -H2O2 redox system. The results obtained that using GMA (60%), temp. (700C), time (2h), H2O2 (1.4 ml ), thio urea dioxide (0.1 gm), small amount of wetting agent, ferrous sulphate (0.25%), L.R. (1:20)gave the best graft yield. To get the best flame retardancy, the poly GMA-cotton copolymer reacted with dimethyl phosphite solution in xylene. The reaction was carried out at 1000C for 2 hrs and the sample was then thoroughly washed with methanol and acetone followed by rinsing with water and drying. The phosphorylated GMA-grafted-cellulose samples retained high and durable flame retardancy even after 10 standard washes.