الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The gut brain axis originates from three main sites: the gastrointestinal tract, the CNS and the enteric nervous system. The enteric nervous system contains approximately 100 millions neurons (sensory neurons, interneurons and motor neurons) . The nervous network includes two-way parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves. Parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves include efferent fibres (cholinergic and noradrenergic, respectively) but also afferent sensory fibres that allow for gut–brain signalling. Afferent fibres are able both to detect various stimuli owing to numerous sensors at their terminals in the gut, and to transmit signals to CNS. The connection between nerve fibers and bowel is realized by different excitatory and inhibitory molecules that neuro modulate gut activity. Besides molecules secreted at nerve endings, some of the molecules are secreted directly by cells from the intestinal wall with local effects.