الفهرس 
Introduction and aim of the work
Blood transfusionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood or blood-based product from one person into the circulatory system of another. Blood transfusions can be life-saving in some situations, such as massive blood loss due to trauma, or can be used to replace blood lost during surgery. Blood transfusions may also be used to treat a sever anaemia or thrombocytopenia caused by a blood disease. People suffering from hemophilia or sickle-cell disease may require frequent blood transfusions. The first fully-documented human blood transfusion was in 1600s, but the first success was in the early 1800s. The two most significant blood group systems were discovered during early experiments with blood transfusion: the ABO group in 1901 and the rhesus group in 1939. Although blood transfusion is a beneficial life-saving therapy, it carries a variety of inherent risks to the recipient. These risks can be divided into infectious and non infectious hazards, and they can manifest either during or with delay after the transfusion. Indeed, 0.5% to 3% of all transfusions result in an adverse event; however, the majority of these are minor reactions with no long-term squeal. Noninfectious complications have been grouped into those that become apparent during or within hours of transfusion (early) and those that begin days to months following transfusion (late). Concerns about transfusion-transmitted infectious diseases have been raised since the beginning of routine blood administration for therapeutic purposes in the late 1930s. Awareness of infectious disease transmission by transfusion did not slow the dramatic increase in administration of donated blood from the 1950s through 1970s, which paralleled the expansion of medical care and procedural capability during that period. Transmission of viral infection is a common concern with blood transfusion. Over the two last decades, much attention has been given to the prevention of transfusion-transmitted viral infections such as HIV-1 and HIV-2, hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and West Nile Virus (WNV), human T cell lymphotrophic virus (HTLV) I and II. Only continuous improvement and implementation of donor selection, sensitive screening tests and effective inactivation procedures can ensure the elimination, or at least reduction, of the risk of acquiring transfusion transmitted infections. Donor age must be older than 17 years, weight more than 45kgs. The sex of the donor recently appear to affect donation as certain antibodies in the blood of woman who have ever been pregnant can cause transfusion related acute lung injury. Screening of all blood donors should be mandatory and done with adequate precautions to prevent disease transmission especially viral infections to recipients. Establish an employee health service to manage blood exposures. Every laboratory workers in blood banks should be aware of the potential hazards in their workplace and follow strictly the instructions of safety from specimen collection to waste disposal.