الفهرس 
Introduction and aim of the work
Historical background of blood transfusionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Man has always been fascinated by blood . The first attempt of blood transfusion took place in 1492, from that date, the history of blood transfusion can be traced with the continuous progress of the transfusion process till it has reached a more or less perfect condition. Quality system assurance is the coordinated effort of all individuals working within the blood banks to produce the highest quality of products and services . This can be achieved by implementing a quality assurance program that covers the complete range of management and operational systems . It should include two main items : quality system essentials and operating systems . Quality system essentials are the tools needed to perform all processes and procedures in the transfusion service, so as to provide blood and blood components that are safe, pure, potent and effective they comprise: The organization of the blood bank that includes all elements needed for its operation. These are : the responsible head who should control the establishment in all matters, the staff needed, the recommended facilities and supplies, and the regulatory standards needed to assure quality . Budgeting must cover in adequacy all the previous elements . Since the personnel are the most important resource of the blood transfusion center, they should be properly selected, competently trained and regularly evaluated . Specific measures for retention of the qualified staff should be taken . The suppliers that provide materials to the facility should be well selected . the supplier qualifications should be defined, their contract should be reviewed thoroughly, and all incoming supplies should be properly inspected and tested on receipt . Properly functioning equipment is essential for ensuring accurate testing . So, performance verification of instruments that helps in their calibration and adjustment; also the routine maintenance are necessary. Reagents used in blood transfusion services are important for accurate testing and preparation of blood and components as well . Therefore, inspection of used reagents and testing of their reactivity before placing them into routine use are necessary. For ensuring that the manufacturing process is performed in a way to yield a product of consistent quality, total process control, final inspection of blood and components should be basically done. Another factor that is essential throughout the work of blood bank is the process of reviewing incidents, errors and accidents. All possible errors that can occur throughout the work and their possible way of management should be well-known . For evaluating the used quality assurance program internal and external assessments must be performed on basis of a proper quality assessment plan to detect areas where improvements can be made. It is also evident that a safe working environment provides a sense of security to the employees, decreasing the chances of occurrence of injuries and significant errors . So, the facility safety should be considered as a quality system essential . Precautions of protecting the laboratory workers against biological hazards, chemical hazards, fire, electricity, irradiation, compressed gases, and bad environmental conditions should be known. Finally, records are considered as one of the most important essentials of the quality assurance system . A simple, clear and brief documentation system should be implemented and properly managed. Methods of storing or discarding these records should be well defined.