الفهرس 
ANATOMICAL CONSIDERATIONSOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Recent advances in laparoscopic surgery have provided reliable alternative approaches for surgical problems , and since the first laparoscopic cholecystectomy carried out by Mouret in 1987 , this operation had acted as a detonator of an explosion in general surgery,which resulted in extremely rapid expansion of the technique of minimally access surgery . Nowadays , laparoscopic cholecystectomy has become the operation of choice for uncomplicated gall stones.After major abdominal operations,pulmonary complications remain a leading cause of morbidity and are the cause of 50% of postoperative deaths. The early ambulation , hastened recovery and absence of substantial skin incisions in the laparoscopic techniques are thought by many authers to help in decreasing the post-operative pulmonary complications .