الفهرس 
The urinary organsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Spulax ehrenbergi, Arvicanthis niloticus, Rattus rattus, R. norvegicus, Mus rnusculus, Acornys dirnidiatus, A. russatus, Nesolcia indica, Gerbillus gerbillus and G. pyrarnidurn, are different in measurements, coloration, habitat, shape of the skull and in measurements. The pituitary gland : The pituitary gland of these animals varies in shape, being irregular, oval, elongated, pyramidal, or triangular. In all investigated animals, there is a well developed pars nervosa, pars intermedia and pars distalis. In pars distalis, there are two types of acidophilic cells and three types of basophilic cells. In Rattus rattus, the gonadotropin cells of basophile become active in spring and have the ability to secrete their sexual hormones in both male and female organs. In R. norvegicus, the (GTH) cells become active in winter in both males and females . The thyroid gland : The thyroid gland is located on each side of the upper part of the trachea. It is formed of follicles containing colloidal secretion. Relatively little connective tissue is found between the follicles. The activity of the gland is different in the different rodents. Some animals have a colloid which gives dark pink colour with (PAS) stain, and the others give moderately pink colour. Also the same results occure with protein stain. The adrenal gland : The adrenal gland is composed of a cortex and a medulla. It is adherent at the head of each kidney in all investigated rodents. In the cortex there are three parts (glomerulosa, fasciculata and reticularis). Their cells are irregular in shape, with spherical nuclei when the medulla is stained with hematoxylin and eosin stains. In capsular appeared abundant carbohydrates, but the medullary has weak (PAS) which indicates little carbohydrates. Total protein was richest in reticularis, but was poor in the glomerulosa. The urinary system : The kidneys of all species are asymmetrical in shape and position. The renal medulla is seperable into inner and outer medulla. Periodic acid Schiff reaction revealed intense staining of the brush horder of the proximal convolutions in the case of Spalax ehrenbergi. Arvicanthis niloticus, Acomys russatus and Nesolcia indica. In other investigated animals gives less intensity of brush border. The intense positive reaction with (PAS) in the case of the former animals may be due to the large amount of polysaccharides in their diet. Male reproductive : The seminiferous tubules of the testes are varied in diameter and activity of spermatogonia during the different months of all investigated animals. In Rattus raltus spermatogenesis is active during all months, but are inactive during September and December. In R. norvegicus are active all months, but are inactive during April and September. Of the accessory glands, the prostate and Cowpers’ glands are present in all investigated animals. Female reproductive : The reproductive organs of the female are composecl of two ovaries, two Fallopian tubules, generally symmetrical bicornuate uterus and a caudally extending vagina. In Rattus rattus, and R. norvegicus, are polyestrous. Number of embryos was restricted to the right and left uterine cornua . The vaginal cells increase in their cornification during pregnancy. There are no ciliated cells in the uterine epithelium. In Rattus rattus, and R. norvegicus. the large vesicular follicles are present during all seasons, but are small in number and disappear during the late stage of pregnancy.