الفهرس 
Causes of heart failureOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
A principal complication of virtually all forms of heart disease is heart failure. Heart failure is defined as the pathophysiologic state in which an abnormality of cardiac function is responsible for the failure of the heart to pump blood at a rate commensurate with the requirements of the metabolizing tissues. An alternative definition which focuses more on the clinical consequences of heart failure has been offered by Packer as follows congestive heart failure represents a complex clinical syndrome characterized by abnormality of left ventricular function and neurohormonal regulation, which are accompanied by effort intolerance, fluid retention and reduced longevity.