الفهرس 
Theories of painOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Pain after upper abdominal surgery is recognized as one of the most severe types of postoperative pain which causes numerous adverse physiological sequelae. These sequelae include postoperative pulmonary complications, increased syrnpathoadrenal oufflow; which may induce dysrhythmia and myocardial ischemia; and activation of the coagulation system and platelet aggregation which may enhance clotting leading to deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. ’ In recent years awareness of the value of adequate postoperative pain relief has been increased and many analgesic drugs and techniques have been advocated to relieve postoperative pain and to reduce the incidence of morbidity of its adverse sequelae.