الفهرس 
Surgical anatomy of the noseOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The trials of correction of nasal septal deformities started at the middle of 18 &I century by many methods which are completely condemned due to their bad results and complications as septal perforation. Ingalls (1882) clesci-ibed SMR which depends on the removal of cartilaginous and bony septum after elevation of bilateral lnlicoperichondrial - mucoperiosteal flaps of the septum. Freer ( 1902) modified the SMR by leaving dorsal strut of the supporting structures of the sep turn to prevent supratip depression and saddle nose deformities. kllian (1904) added his modification to the SMR by leaving caudal strut to avoid colulnellar retraction The septoplasty opextiol~ was ntrocluced approximately at the half of 19 has heen sr~hsequently nodified on nunlerous occasions and has to a lai-ge extent re)lacetl SMK as the routine technique. The chief advantage of septoplasty is preservation of the central suppoit of the nose. Also. it allows access to and manipulation to the entire nasal septum ncludiug the caudal septum. dorsal n~argin of quadrangular cartilage,nasal spine and maxillary crest areas which can not be accessed by SMR.