الفهرس 
The menopauseOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The aging female is subjected to major endocrine insult by marked decline in gonadal functions which usually occurs late in the fourth or early in the fifth decade of life . Postmenopausal osteoporosis represents one of ,the degenerative changes associated with the female climacteric. Although it is proved that estrogen deprivation causes bone loss, and this bone loss can be prevented by estrogen therapy,yet the exact mechanism of action of estrogen on bone is not well clearefied till now. The aim of this thesis is to study some of the clinical manifestations together it some of the biochemical and hormonal changes of the female climacteric and to study if these changes are due to estrogen deprivation in one hand andlor due to gonadotropin excess in the other hand. This study included two main groups : Premenopausal group and postmenopausal one. The premenopausal group consisted of ten healthy fertile females, in late child bearing age, non pregnant or lactating with normal menstrual cycles, and with no evidence of systemic or bone disease.