الفهرس 
Routine ultrasound in fetal evaluationOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
At the present time high-resolution 2D scanning remains the cornerstone of prenatal diagnosis. The advantage of 3D over 2D imaging, apart from the apparent improvement in parental–fetal bonding and the increased facility to study fetal behavior. Nevertheless, new applications for 3D scanning are currently being explored in many centers as a result of the rapid improvement in equipment
Prenatal sonographic examination is an excellent method for discovering fetal skeletal dysplasias. In the prenatal setting, definitive diagnosis as to the bone dysplasia classification is not precise. Although identification rates of lethal skeletal dysplasias by sonography have been generally excellent at approximately 94-96% an accurate prenatal diagnosis was made in only approximately 30-50% of cases.
Preliminary work suggests a role for three-dimensional sonography in more reliably assessing the fetal skeleton.
In cases where a diagnosis of a fetal skeletal anomaly had been made by conventional 2D ultrasound, the use of 3D ultrasound may identify some phenotypic features which will lead to the correct and precise prenatal diagnosis. This seems to be very important for the cases in which (and they are the majority) conventional 2D ultrasound identifies the malformation but precludes a clear differential diagnosis: this may become an interesting potential application of 3D scanning.
Material and methods: In this work, two groups were evaluated, the first group consisted of 20 cases were fully examined and followed 2-3 times during their routine antenatal care using 2D and 3D ultrasound, constituting the main core of this study. The first group was used to demonstrate the role of three dimensional ultrasound in adding new dimension in the evaluation of fetal skeleton during second trimester of pregnancy.
The second group was used to construct a pilot study for Egyption fetal biometric standards. Fetal anthropometrical data concerning biparietal diameter, head circumference, abdominal circumference, and femur length were collected from a sample from Egyptian population consisted of 71 normal cases with known normal outcome.
Results: the first group mean maternal age was 24 years and 6 months, all were high risk pregnancies. The examined cases showed 19 normal cases and 1 abnormal case, the abnormal case was followed and diagnosed as encephalocele.
Three-dimensional sonography gives additive results in assessing the fetal skeleton especially concerning the face, cranial sutures and the vertebral column.
The second group data were compared with the study of Johnsen et al (2005) done in Norway, remarkable differences were observed.
While on comparison with the normative curves of head measurements, abdomen and long bones for the Italian population done by Paladini et al (2005), no remarkable differences were observed on comparing between our data and the Italian population.
In conclusion: Three-dimensional sonography adding new dimension in the evaluation of fetal skeleton during second trimester of pregnancy and there is a need to construct Egyption fetal biometric standards.