الفهرس 
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Abstract
The autonomic nervous system, especially through the cranial parasympathetic and lumbosacral sympathetic outflow, is closely involved in the beat-to-beat control of systemic blood pressure, heart rate, and the regional blood supply to skeletal muscles and vital organs. It is of major importance in ensuring adequate tissue perfusion, in maintaining supplies of oxygen and nutrients, and in transporting metabolic end products in response to the demands of varying situations. It accomplishes these actions through a complex system of pathways that involves the brain and spinal cord, preganglionic and postganglionic pathways, and synapses at the target organ. The immense flexibility and capability of the autonomic nervous system are dependent on intricate pathways that may be damaged in a variety of conditions that affect one or more sites (Mathias, 2000).
Chronic uremia affects the autonomic control of the cardiovascular system, mainly as a result of central or peripheral uremic neuropathy (Heidbreder et al., 1985).