الفهرس 
Review of literatureOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
inroads into their origins and improved methods of diagnosis and treatment , they continue to exert a high toll in morbidity and mortality . It is one of the commonest malignant tumor in Egyptian men. The male : female ratio in bladder carcinoma is 2.7:1 and the disease is more common in white than blacks . Bladder cancer is the second most common cancer of genitourinary tract . The average age at diagnosis is 65 years . At the time 85% are localized to the bladder and 15% have spread to regional lymph nodes or distant metastasis . Early diagnosis of cancer bladder is crucial for both therapeutic and predicting prognosis , during the years identifications and surveillance of bladder cancer has evolved from macroscopic to microscopic examination . Today the focus has turned to identification and amplification of molecular markers for diagnosis .
Recent reports have proposed the presence of markers in voided urine that may help in detection of early bladder cancer . Interest in the use of such markers has been based on a desire to avoid the need for cystoscopy for surveillance and the fact that cytologic study of urine is not sensitive enough to detect low-grade transitional cell cancer .