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Abstract
This study was conducted on 55 subjects at the chest department and readed at the pathology department, Faculty of Medicine, Minofiya University. The 55 patients were divided into 3 groups:-Group I Non-smoker non malignant (10 patients).-Group II Smoker non-malignant (10 patients).-Group IIIa Malignant non-smoker ( 15 patients).- Group IIIb Malignant smoker (20 patients).All the patients were subjects to the following: -Thorough history taking with special attention to the smoking history . - Complete physical examination-- Chest X-ray postero-anterior and lateral views. -- FOB, fibroptic bronchoscopy --Pathological assessment using; Hematoxylin and Eosin for diagnosis and for assessing type and grade of the malignant cases.Immunohistochemistry for K-ras antibody. It was found that neither smoking alone nor malignancy alone had any statistical significant difference effect on k-ras mutation. Smoking & malignancy together (malignant smokers, group IIIb) were highly significant for k-ras mutation than the other groups. This was observed with the statistical significance between groups I & III, groups IlIa & IIIb