الفهرس 
AcknowledgementOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The American Thoracic Society (1995) de fin d chronic
obstructi e pulmonary di ea e a a disea e state characterized by the
pre. ence of ail’ flow obstruction due to chronic bronchiti or
emphysema; the airflov obstruction is generally progre si e, may be
accompanied by airway hyperreacti ity and may be partially
reversible.
The GOLD (200.l) defined OPD a a eli ease state
characterized by airflow limitation that i not fully reversible. The
airflow limitation is u ually both progre i e and a ociated with
abnormal inflammatory responseof the lungsto noxious particles or
ga es.
According to the definition 0 European Re piratory ociery
OPD is a disordercharacterized by reduced maximum expiratory
flow and low force 1emptying of the lung (Siaftd..-aelal’j 1995).
pirornetry mea ure the volume of air an individual inhale Of
exhales and the respiratory 110\·s (volumes asa function of time)
during different breathing maneuver (S”,ilhand Hunter; 1992).
Reduction in FEV I. and FEV I . C percent are the characreri tic
phy iological abnormalities of COPD. III contrast to a thma, the
.’educed F 1 in OP doesn t show large re pon e t inhaled
bronchodilators (Senior and Shapiro,