الفهرس 
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Abstract
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Summary
In the present work. we have studied the toxic effect of two
of the widely used insecticides namely fenvalerate which belongs
to the pyrethroid insecticides and malathion which belongs to
the organophosphorous insecticides, on adult albino rats of both
sexes.
Our study included comparative between ti’l:!effectsof acute
and short term chronic toxicities of the two insectecides.
The biochemical fmdings in our investigation included
SOOT, SOPT, alk. phosphatase, bilirubin, urea and creatinine.
The histopathological changes were studied in liver,
kidney and heart.
Moreover, determination ofLD of both fenvalerate and
50 malathion were determined.
In the present work 200 animals were used. These were
classified into two main big groups.
First Group :
Acute toxicity groups;
Which were subdivided into; _
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a) Control group; of 8 rats in which SGPT, SGOT, alk.
phosphatase, bilirubin, urea and creatinine were determined.
b) Fenvalerate group; 48 rats were divided into 6 groups each
of 8 rats, in which fenvalerate was given in increasing
doses of 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1200 mg / kg.b.w.
respectively. And it was found that LD was 600 mg
50
/kg. b.w. And there were histopathological changes in
liver such as central and focal necrosis, central vien
congestion, sinusoidal dilatation, hydropic degeneration,
lymphocytic infilteration, bile duct proliferation. This
histopathological changes were directly proportional to
the increase of the dose. There was significant
increase in SOOT, SGPT, alk, phosphatase and bilirubin,
The biochemical changes confirm our histopathological
changes.
This may be explained by accumulation of
mucopolysaccharides and mixed function oxidation in hepatic
cells which leads to the damage of the liver cells and causes the
above mentioned histopathological and biochemical changes.
There were also histopathological changes in the kidney
such as tubular necrosis, accumulation of non cellular material,
interstitial haemorrages, lymphocytic infilteration, shrunken and
necrotic glomeruli, congestion and hydropic swelling.
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These histopathological changes were directly proportional
to the increase of the dose.
There was significant increase in blood urea and serum
creatinine which confirmed our histopathological changes.
This could be explained by accumulation of the metabolites of
fenvalerate leading to the damage of the kidney glomeruli and
the appearance of unusual cytoplasmic inclusion bodies
c) Malathion group :
48 rats were divided into 6 groups each of 8 rats, in which
malathion was given in increasing doses of 400, 200, 1200,
1600, 2000, and 2400 mg / kg b.w respectively. And it was
found that LD was 1200 mg / kg b.w.
50
There were histopathological changes in both liver and
kidney as those in case of fenvalerate treated rats but with higher
degree. Histopathological changes also were directly
proportional to the increase of the dose. Biochemical changes in
case of malathion treated rats confirmed the histopathological
studies.
These changes may be due to accumulation of the
metabolities of malathion such as alkyl phosphate and phenolic
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metabolities which lead to damage of kidney cells and
impairment of its function.
Also both activation and detoxication reactions of malathion
lead to disturbance in the cytochrome P. 450 mono oxygenase
system, leading to congestion and necrosis and histopathological
changes in liver cells and impairment of its function.
Secound Group :
Short - term Chronic toxicity groups;
In these groups 96 animals were used, they were
subdiveded into (a) fenvalerate treated group and (b) malathion
treated group each group received 1 / 10 ill which was,
50
in case of fenvalerate treated group equal to 60 mg / kg. b.w.
and in malathion treated group equal to 120 mg / kg. b.w.
Histopathological and biochemical studies were investigated
weekly on 8 animals in each fenvalerate treated group and
malathion treated group.
a) Fenvalerate treated groups;
There were histopathological changes, as mentioned before
in acute cases, in liver and kidney and these changes were
increased in percentage after the 2 lli!. 3 rd and 4 !h week, i.e,
histopathological changes were directly proportional to the length
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of period, Biochemical changes were significally increased
which confirmed our histopathological changes.
This could be explained, as mentioned before, by
accumulation of mucopolysaccharides and mixed function
oxidation in hepatic cells and due to accumulation of the
metabolites of fenvalerate leading to damage to kidney glomeruli
and appearance of unusual cytoplasmic inclusion bodies.
b) Malathion treated groups;
There were histopathological changes as mentioned before
in acute cases in liver and kidney, but it is here more prominant
than in case of fenvalerate treated rats. It was noticed that the
histopathological changes in malathion treated rats were directly
proportional to the length of period. Biochemical changes were
significal1y increased which confirmed our histopathological
changes.
This may be explained, as mentioned before, due to
accumulation of the metabolites of malathion and its, detoxication
reactions. This leads to disturbance of the cytochrome P. 450
monooxygenase system in liver.
Moreover, it was noticed that there were no significant
histopathological lesions in the heart in case of both Malathion
and Fenvalerate acute and short term chronic toxicity except a
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50% of the animal’s hearts that showed congestion as a part of
general venous congestion which occured before death.
from the histopathological and biochemical results
obtained from Malathion and Fenvalerate treated rats in acute and
short term chronic toxicity we noticed that Fenvalerate is less
toxic than Malathion. The Pyrethroids are rapidly metabolized
and these compounds are incompletely absorbed from
gastrointestinal tract, These compounds are neither skin irritants,
nor skin sensitisers and inhalation toxicity is fairly low.