الفهرس 
Detergents and surfactantsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Laboratory and field experiments were carried out to evaluate the< 13ioactivity of certain conventional pesticides (i.e. fi~ratlii,smethyl and tedifol) or (i,e. mineral oils, a plant-deri\!ed oil, detergents, a relatively new insect growth regulator and a commercial product of the entomopathogenic fungi, Beo~wnt-io hnssinnn) against certain sucking pests. The tested alternatives were also evaluated when combined in mixtures with the traditioiial pesticides. The study included the impact of the tested ~naterials on the predatory mite, A~~blly,ceirt,c gossil~ii (El-Badry). General observations were made for any pliytotosic ef’f’ects caused by the tested materials. I. Laboratory studies: 1 .I. Insecticidal activity against the whitefly, B. tabaci Genn.: 1. I. IT.o xicity to adults and immature stages: Toxicity was deter~ninecul sing a tecliniq~~bea sed on exposing adults to treated leaf discs of sweet potato plants placed into test-kit vials. Based on LCso values the tested IGR (i.e. buprofezin) had the highest toxicity followed by the vegetative oil (extracted from black cumin seeds). pirimiphos-~nethyl and the inineral oil, KZ (LCso’s: 76, 80, 84 and 170 ppm respectively). Furathiocarb, tedifol and shocro~~(aa inineral oil) showed relatively moderate toxicity (LGo3s: 220, 260 and 360 ppnl respectively). Detergents showed weak toxicity as LCs0 values ihrnastabon and oki were 800 and 2200 ppm respectively. Apart from tested detergents, pesticides or their alternatives showed latent effects \,vher-e pupation and adult emergence were greatly reduced. The highest effect was observed for the IGR, buprofezin. For the toxicity to immature stages, fi~ratliiocarb exliihited the highest toxicity to larvae followed by the mineral oil (shocrona) and the natural oil (L.Cs0’s: 60, 90 and I I0 ppm respectively). I. I.2 . Joint action of pesticides and their alternatives: Pesticideslalteriiatives ~nixtures (at 1 : 10) were evaluted against adults. Furathiocarb was potentiated by the natural oil or the detergent, oki and strongly by the mineral oil, KZ (synergistic ratios (SR): 1.15, 1.22 and 3.33 respectively). Pronounced potentiation ’was observed \vlien mixing tedifol with KZ oil, natural oil and tlie detergent olti (SR: 4.33, 8.66 and 4.06 resy ectively). I. I.3 .The entornopathogenic effect of the fungus, B. bassiana: Eggs of whitefly were sprayed with the f~mgusa t concentration, 3 x 10\ooidia/ml and this concentration was equal to that recom~ne~~tline tl the field by the manufacturer. The fungus significantly affected the developmental stages of the insect. IHatcl~ahility, pupation and aclult emergence were greatly reduced. Only 5% pupation (morpliologically infected or dead) was obtained. 1.2. Insecticidal activity against aphids: Rapid-dip test technique was applied to determine the toxicity of materials or their mixtures at 1 : 10 (pesticide: alternative) against the green peach aphid, Myzr(s yersicne (Sluz.) (Floinoptera). Furathiocarh showed the highest toxicity followed by piri~nil)lios-metbl (LCr0’s: 32, 1 50 ppin respectively). The tested mineral oils were 25-33 times less toxic than ftlrathiocarb while nearly 5-6 times more toxic than tlie vegetative oil. For detergents, ~iastabon was more toxic thso olci For the ioint action of’ pesticideialternative combinations (1 : 1 0), the tested mineral oil, KZ