الفهرس 
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Abstract
This assay includes the study of a number of
tumor-derived substances referred to as tumor-associated
sUbstances or tumor markers. Most of these markers are
products characteristic of human fetus, thus their presence
in adults is considered a suitable index. In some
in~tances the only significant feature may be an elevated
level, or a level which does not respond to normal
control mechanisms. Many tumors may produce marker substances
appropriate to their tissue of origin, but
other sUbstances.may be regarded as ectopically produced.
The assay has also stated that tumor markers play
a major role in secondary prevention. Thus, they can
serve as a screening test for initiating definitive
diagnostic procedures with a goal of making an ”early
diagnosis” i.e. a diagnosis before metastasis occurs,
where simple removal of the tumor results in normal
survival.
The tumor markers described are classified into
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several classes; the oncofetal antigens including carcinoembryonic
antigen, alpha-fetoprotein, and pancreatic
oncofetal antigen, the placental proteins including
hunan chorionic gonadotropin, carcinoplacental
alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, and human placental
lactogen, the ectopic polypeptides including
many enzymes and hormones, as well as the metabolic
products.
Last but not least, the thesis includes the clinical
application of tumor markers in different types
of malignancy including; breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, testicular cancer, gastrointestinal cancer,
serous effusions, and ovarian tumors as well.