الفهرس 
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Abstract
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The present thesis deals with the geomorphological,
hydrogeological, hydrochemical and the evaluation of ground water for
different uses of El-Tor area and its vicinities in the middle part of El-Qaa
plain. It delineated by latitudes 28° 10’ and 28° 20’ N, and longitudes 33°
35’ and 33° 40’ E. The geomorphological and hydrogeological survey
depending on the previous work while the hydrochemical study depend
on the field and laboratorial work. This thesis includes four chapters:
Chapter I: Experimental work
This chapter includes the procedure of measuring The instrumental
methods of analysis include measuring hydrogen ion concentration (pH),
electrical conductivity (Ee), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+),
caleium(Ca’+), magnesium (Mg2+), sulphate (SO/), carbonate (CO/),
bicarbonate (HC03-)’ nitrate (N03-), silica as (Si02), iodide, bromide and
heavy metals (iron, manganese, copper, and cadmium).
Chapter II :Geomorphogical, geological and hydrological aspects
1- Geomorphological and geological setting:
Geomorphologicaly the study area lies in the middle part of El-Qaa
plain which is an extensive gravelly plain stretching in NW-SE direction.
The Quaternary deposits in the southern area of El-Qaa plain (the
investigated area) are divided into three units, the upper unit occurs in
limited area along the downstream of Wadi Awag and El Wadi village
near El-Tor (it is composed of gravels and sands with a thickness less
than 100 m), the middle unit represents the prospective aquifer in El
Gobeil area and the lower unit is mainly consisted of sands and gravels
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with unknown thickness. EI-Qaa plain is divided into two areas separated
by inferred fault that runs throw Wadi Isla and the subsurface structures
of the area consist of a large number of tilted blocks.
2- Hydrogeological setting:
In the investigated area the depth to groundwater surface in El-
Gobeil area ranges between 1.05 m and 20.03 m and the depth to
groundwater surface in El-Wadi area ranges between 1.50 m and 23.11 m
Regionally, the groundwater flow direction is westward, where
groundwater level in El-Gobeil area the groundwater level ranges
descends from 9.91 m in the east to 1.17 m in the west with an average
hydraulic gradient of about 3.43 m/km, and in El-Wadi area descends
from 13.51 m in the east to 8.5 m in the west with an average hydraulic
gradient of about 9.77 m/km.
Chapter III :Hydrochemical aspects
The aim of this chapter is to study the water chemistry, water types
and the hydrogeochemical process affecting water quality.
Fifty three water samples were collected from the study area 26 samples
from El-Gobeil area and 27 from El-Wadi area the study of chemistry of
the quaternary aquifer is the main target of this thesis. The following
topics are discussed:
1- Total salinity:
a- EI-Gobeil area: The groundwater salinity range from 1015 mgll and
5411 mg/l with an average 3678 mg/l.
b- El-Wadi area: The groundwater salinity range from 465 mg/l and
5233 mg/l with an average 1651.259 mg/l.
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2- Total hardness:
a- EI-Gobeil area: The total hardness range from 1015 mg/l as CaC
0
3
and 5241 mg/1 as CaC03 with an average 1758.1 mg/l as CaCO
j
.
b- El-Wadi area: The total hardness range from 189 mgl1 as CaCOj and
2340mg/l as CaC03 with an average 758.62mg/l as CaCOj
3- Alkalinity :
a- El-Gobeil area: The groundwater alkalinity range from 68.07 mg/l as
CaC03 and 141.64 mg!l as CaC03 with an average 94.9 mg/l as
CaC03
b- El-Wadi area: The groundwater alkalinity range from 68.57 mg!l as
CaC03 and 157.16 mg/l as CaC03 with an average 93.3 mg!l as
CaC03
4- Major componentes:
a- EI-Gobeil area: The concentration of calcium ranges between 43 mg/l
and 531 mg/l with an average 161.67mg!1. The concentration of
magnesium ranges between 51 mg/l and 410 mg!l with an average
content of about 203.31 rng/l. The concentration of sodium and
potassium ranges between 151 mg/1 and 1132 mg/1 with an
average content of about 630.25 mg/l. The concentration of
carbonate and bicarbonate ranges between 76 mgll and 173 mg!l
with an average content of about 116.19 mg/l. The <;:onccntrationof
sulphate ranges between 310 mg/l and 2550 mg/l with an average
content of about 1375.9 rng/l. The concentration of chloride ranges
between 230 mg!l and 2100 mg!l with an average content of about
1136.70 mg/]. The concentration of silica ranges between 10.69
mg/l and 32.20 mg/1 with an average content of about 17.07 mg/l
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b- El-Wadi area: The concentration of calcium ranges between 43 mg/l
and 531 mg/l with an average content of about 161.67 mg/I. The
concentration of magnesium ranges between 21 mg/l and 258 mg/l
with an average content of about 123.59 mg/l. The concentration of
sodium and potassium ranges between 87 mg/1 and 941 mg/1 with
an average content of about 294.67 mg/l. The concentration of
carbonate and bicarbonate ranges between 84 mg/l and 192 mg/l
with an average content of about 115.30 mg/l. The concentration of
sulphate ranges between 120 mg/1 and 2000 mg/l with an average
content of about 115.3 0 mg/l. The concentration of chloride ranges
between 128 mgll and 1456 mg/l with an average content of about
534.30 mg/l. The concentration of silica ranges between 10.14 mg/l
and 31.36 mg/1 with an average content of about 19.46 rng/l.
5- Minor and trace componentes: The concentration of nitrate in E1-
Gobeil area ranges between 12.23 mgll and 87.32 mg/1 with an
average content of about 52.62 mg/l, the concentration of nitrate in
EI-Wadi area ranges between 11.31 mg/l and 73.87 mg/l with an
average content of about 27.87 mg/l. The range of iron
concentration in the investigated area is between 0.028 mg/l and
0.7276 mg/l with an average 0.3551 rng/l. The range of manganese
concentration is from 0.0001 mg/l to 0.2772 mg/l with an average
0.02809 rng/l. The range of copper is from 0.0001 mg/l to 0.104
mg/l with an average 0.01567 mg/l. The range of cadmium
concentration is from 0.0001 mg/1 to 0.0076 mg/l with an average
0.00117 mg/l
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6- Major ion relations :
a- EI-Gobeil area: The water types is chloridc - sodium and sulphate -
sodium. There is one type 01 hypothetical salts which is NaC!,
MgCI” MgS04, CaSO, and Ca(HCOJ), in this case the rCr - rNa I
rMg2+ < 1 the existence of MgCh and
b- EI-Wadi area: The water types is chloride - sodium and sulphate -
sodium. There are two types of hypothetical salts which are:
A _ NaCl, MgCh, MgS04’ CaS04 and Ca(HC03)2·
B _ NaCl, Na2S04, MgS04’ CaS04 and Ca(HC03)2-
7- Seawater interference:
By measuring the iodide and bromide concentrations and the
calculations of r!B{ and CrlB{ ratios indicate that the groundwater in
the investigated area affected by seawater intrusion.
Chapter IV : Evaluation of groundwater quality for different uses
The evaluation of groundwater in the study area shows that:
a- EI-Gobeil area:
For drinking and domestic uses the percentage of
groundwater wells which are pennissible is 11.5% and
groundwater wells which are unsuitable is 88.5%. For livestock
and poultry the percentage of groundwater wells which are very
Satisfactory is 14.8%, groundwater wells which are satisfactory is
66.60/0 and groundwater wells which can be used (not acceptable
for poultry only) 18.6%. For irrigation uses 89.5% of the area
general1y unacceptable for irrigation except for very salt tolerant
plants and 11.5% which the groundwater wel1s have salinity which
will adversely affect most plants. For industrial uses most of
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ground water wells are not suitable for most industries except
petroleum industries.
b- EI-Wadi area =
For drinking and domestic uses the percentage of
groundwater wells which are excellent is 3.8%, groundwater wells
which are permissible is 51.8% and groundwater we1ls which are
unsuitable is 44.4%. For livestock and poultry the percentage of
groundwater wells which are excellent is 65.5%, of groundwater
wells which are very Satisfactory is 3.8%, groundwater wells
which are satisfactory is 26.9% and groundwater wells which Can
be used ( not acceptable for poultry only) 3.8%. For irrigation
uses 3.5% of the groundwater wells is acceptable but sensitive
plants may shows stress, 51.9% of the groundwater wells generally
unacceptable for irrigation except for very salt tolerant plants and
44.4% the groundwater wells at El-Wadi area have salinity which
will adversely affect most plants. For industrial uses most of
groundwater wells are not suitable for most industries except
petroleum industries.
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