الفهرس 
Markers of nephrotoxicityOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The extent of the contribution of environment in causing renal disease is unknown. This is largely due to the fact that multiple factors could be working together:- difficulty irhconfirming and quantifying the environmental exposure, and the lack of specific clinical or pathological presentation. In the USA 19 percent of patients with end stage renal failure have diseases of unknown cause and in 30 percent of those presenting with glomerulonephritis the etiology is unrecognized.Environmental medicine, the clinical arm of environmental health, involves the diagnosis and prevention of illness-caused or influenced by external agents in a person’s environment. Once an environmental disease has occurred, its treatment is often within the domain of Internal Medicine, but its recognition and prevention is the essence of environmental medical practice.Kidney disease arising from exposure to heavy metals plays a special role in nephrology because of the possibility of its prevention .