الفهرس 
Diabetes mellitusOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome characterized by chronic hypergtycemia and disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism associated with absolute or relative deficiencies in insulin secretion and/or insulin action. When fully expressed, diabetes is characterized by fasting hypergtycemia, but the disease can also be recognized during less overt stages and before fasting hyperglycemia appears, most usually by the presence of glucose intolerance.Diabetes mellitus may be suspected or recognized clinically by the presence of characteristic symptoms such as excessive thirst, polyuria, pruritus, otherwise unexplained weight loss, or one or more of the many complications associated with or attributable to the disease.Microalbuminuria is defined as a urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) of 20-200 tg/min. If this is found consistently, meaning that it is seen in two of three urine samples collected over night, the patient is defined as having incipient diabetic nephropathy, which suggests an increased risk of progression. The higher and more consistent the excretion rate, the higher the risk for progression. Some invistigators use a slightly higher value, namely UAER of 30-200 iig/min. and other invistigators, when using overnight excretion, use 15|ig/min. as the lower limit.Diabetic nephropathy is the most frequent cause of end-stage renal disease.