الفهرس 
Occurrence of hydatidosis in different animal speciesOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Hydatid disealle is widely lIPread in naturtl 8JIIODbgerbivorouS
animals and o<:casionallY in man. It is bLgbl;re:odemicin
certain areas of the world especiall;r in cattle and sheep ra1si»g
countries. The d1.sease is mostly asymptollatic.and bas a slow
course and therefure its diagnosis in mandepll:odsma1nlyon clinical
findiDgS, blood picture, radiological e.ltBJIl1nati
on
and a
wide range of serological test6.
Because of 1ihesedifficulties, tbe dieelLseprevalence in
Egypt is not prol~erly deterlllined and trUe re·:ords in manare lackiDg.
For this reason the objective of tbis study was to throw
SOld light on tb.e epidemiology of tbe diseaf” in someparts of
Egypt and to asn
ess
tbe methods currentl;r ulled in its diagnosiS.
To achieve thiS goal, a hu-sn survey was carried out in Cairo,
Zagazig and Katr El-Sheikh areas which actually represent different
ecological and socioeconolllicareas in l;gypt. Three t;ypes of
surveys were run, one randollland aDOther8’tlecti
ve
to spot manifest
cases in lilianand a third in animals iooludiDg camels, sheep,
stray dogs, cats and rats. The schedule of work included stool
exaJllinati
on
of manand dogs, blood exaJlliIllLtionof manfor eosinophilia,
animaJLorgans at autopsy for h;rda.id cysts, Casoni test,
1.R-A.T., C.F.’.c. and albumin-globulin rat1.o (A/Gratio).
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In the selective survey the suspected subjects were examined
clinically and iD~estigated thoroughly by X-lay, radioscopic
scanning, ultra&;,nographyand occasionally p\iIlcture and aspiration.
Results werl~statistically analysed bylihe chi-square (’X}>
test, the (t) te,st and the serological metho18were tested for
sensitivity and specificity.
Fromthe results obtained, the followiIg conclusions were
withdrawn;
1- Hydatidosifl in Egypt is IIl()stlya diseaue of children, but
not sex related. In other words, it ia not an occupational
disease li.i~e in maDYother countries a:ld the infection seems
to be IIl()stlyincidental following usually fondling of dogs
or playing in infected grounds.
2- In general surveys, Casoni test seems to be not very reliable
due to its, low grade specifici ty as ccmperedto 1.H.A.T. and
C. F.: ~.
3- Hydatidosis in »;gyptis rather an urbun disease in contrast
to notori()us grazing countries like Ul:uguay,Argentina,
South Am8J~icaetc ••• where the d1seas~ is mostly rural.
4- Mereasso’:;iation of IIl&Il with dogs seelllSto play no important
role in the dissimination of the disease. Yet it seems
to be a matter of sanitation like thE neglicence of washing
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of hands before meals and atter fondl1ng of dogs and playing
in gJ:oundscon.tam1natedwith EghinqcocCUIova.
5- The infec \iion rate of dogs in El53Ptwith 1:ch1nqcocCU! is not
very high. and.this a1ght explain again why infection in man
is not very cl~lIlIDObnes. ides being Moslems. they like dogs but
abstain froDl:fondling them.
6- It seells that Ca80ni test is less specUlc than the I. H.A.T.
Sia11arly, 1;heC.F.T. is less specific than the 1.H.A.T.
7- It seeDlstha1. the partial non-specificit;r of Ca80ni test and
C.F.T. is du’=t1;0cross reactions with intestinal cestodes.
but not wi th nelll8todesor protoZOa. Besi-deS. the co-ex1steIICe
fortify of other cestode infection seem~1to the immunereactions
as revealed by morefrequent high titres in this case.
8- The I. H.A.’.1:. seems to be IIOrereliable ;lS a preliminary screening
test be’~ause of its high specificity though it is less
sensitive than Casoni test. Therefore, Caaoni test should be
resorted to in suspected cases that do not react to the 1.H.A.T.
9- ’.cheC.F.’’c. again seeDlsliO be reliable 1;ban Ca80ni test in
screening ()f cases for h;ydatid disease, howeverit seeDlSto
be less sp’9cific than the 1.H.A.T.. ani therefore should be
reserved t,o cases that do not react to the I. H.A.T.
10- ’lhe degree of association of eosiDOphilia with Ca80ni test was
not very bight this was related to th«l partial low specificity
of the lallt test and to the IIUltitude of causes that lIay pr_
dispose to eoSiDOphilia.
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11- It was found that at least 50%of the I.E.A. test positives
had eosinoplU.lia probably depending on the stage of infection
and loclltion of the cysts. Similar:.y about 30%of
,J.P. test positives were associated witb high 8OsiIlOphilia
indicating that eosiIlOphilia contributef to the diagllOsis
of hydatidof1is whenassociated with othE,r serological tests.
12- Albumin/ globulin ratio was rarely abnllrmal indicating
that it is o;)flimited value in the diagDOsiSof hydatid
disease.
1,.. Analysis o:f:the degree of association l:,etweenthe three
illllllunolog
i<:tests adopted during this ~Iorkone concludes
that these tests deal with different ao.tibodies which do not
necessarily coexist simultaneOualYor to the sameextent in
all patiex:,ts of hydatidosis.
14- Fromthe l’tudy of overt cases one conc:ludes that the cases
of hepatil~ hydatidoSis present with hlgh titres of I. He A.T.
and IIlild titres of C.l.T. which DROP to a very low level
atter excision of the cysts especial} Y the latter which may
becomenElgative. The A/Gratio is DI:,tusually disturbed.
15- EosiDOph:lliain manifest cases is u6l&lly very high reaching
up to 5O:ib of the normal leucocytic count.
16- Manifest cases give a definite Mstery of association with
pet dogE1bred at boa.s.
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l?- Eosinophilia laigbt be witbin norlll8llim1tl~ in cases of pul-
IIOnaJ:Yhydatil1osis, and also in bepatic IJng standing
cases in elderly patients.
18- Manifest caSE’Sof hydatidoSis in Egypt ale more COlilmO
n
in
youngages, ospecially in cultured peopl11,urban ratber tban
rurals, and IlIOrefrequent in tbe liver t’l8Jl in tbe lung.
19- Because of tbe crose-reactions of those immunologictests
in otber pat;bologic cases, diagnosis sbculd be based on more
than one tent, lObeleast reliable being Casoni test.
20- Anegative G.F.’:C.in post-operative follow up maybe of a
better prognostic value in indicating ebsence of cysts tban
other tests,.
21) HydatidoSil~of liver maybe a cause of obstructive jaundice.
22) To avoid f,alse positive results by 1.R.A.T. and C.F.T. lObe
dilution titres considered positive should be raised to
1/1024 in 1.R.A.r~. and 1/20 in C.F.’’c. wbicb were tbe lowest
titres in positive cases.
23) ImmunoreSJ?ondseepends on several fac~ors including tbe localizatio
nof
cysts, their size, numberand viability.
24) Cats have no role in hydatid disease in Egypt, while rats
are higbly suspected and require furtber investig.
tions
to
reveal their role.
25) Camelsa;~ehighly infected in contrast to sbeep whicb showed
a markedlylower rate.
Tbe reSll~ts were summarizedin 22 tE<bles, 24 figuJ:es and
revi_ecL in 193 references.