الفهرس 
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Abstract
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SUMMARY. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
SUMMARY
To find-out the prevalences of parasitic infections
among Egyptian pigs.slaughtered in EI-Basateen abattoir with
special study of the histopathological changes with
trichinosis and to study the effect of variable degrees of
temperature. used in food preparation and preservation on
the infectivity of Trichinella spiralis larvae, the
following were done.
1- Slaughtered pigs during a period of one year. from June
1988 to June 1989 were examined for trichinosis by the
direct muscle examination (Trichinoscopy) and for
cysticercosis by the naked eye examination of cardiac and
skeletal muscles to find-out cysticerci cellulosae, which
were confirmed by histopathological examination.
2- Blood samples, randomly collected from 100 slaughtered
pigs were examined by the indirect haemagglutination test
for toxoplasmosis.
3- Two hundred samples of stool. randomly collected from
slaughtered pigs were examined by the direct smear method
for Balantidium coli infection.
4- Previous data in the preceding five years concerning
trichinosis and cysticercosis among slaughtered pigs in
the same abattoir were collected.
5- Samples of skeletal muscle (pillars of
cardiac muscle, liver and kidney of 40
diaphragm) .
Trichinella
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infected and 10 healthy control pigs were examined
histopathologically.
6- Experimental work :
Using xenodiagnosis method according to
seventy white rats free of intestinal
groups. 10 rats each) were given a meal of
infected pig’s meat (20 gm for each group).
Groups A,B and C fed on infected meat boiled for 1/4, 1/2
and 1 hour respectivelY, groups E,F and G fed on infected
meat kept at 4 C degrees for 3 days, 1 week and 2 weeks
respectively, while group D fed on infected fresh meat
(control) .
Six weeks post-infection, blood films for differential
leucocytic count were prepared, rats were killed and the
whole diaphragm. tongue and calf muscles were dissected
and examined by the direct muscle examination for ~
spiralis encysted larvae.
Beck (1953),
paras ites (7
~ spiralis
It was found that :
1- Out of 40634 slaughtered pigs, 2.33 % (948 pigs) and
0.08 % (33 pigs) showed trichinosis and cysticercosis
respectively, with negligible change when compared with
the mean prevalence of trichinosis (2.65%) and
cysticercosis (0.1%) during the preceding five years
recorded in the same abattoir.
2- Out of 100 slaughtered pigs. 14% (14 pigs) showed
Toxoplasma antibodies in their sera.
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3- Out of 200 slaughtered pigs. 81 % (162 pigs) showed
Balantidium coli infection.
4- Hisopathological changes with trichinosis
1- Skeletal muscle ;
All of the forty Trichinella infected pigs showed
cellular infiltration around encysted larvae.
consisting of lymphocytes. eosinophils. plasma cells.
macrophages and giant cells. The relation between
intensity of infection and grade of cellular
infiltration was significant.
All of the forty Trichinella infected pigs showed
muscle necrosis and degeneration with a significant
relation between intensity of infection and degree of
muscle necrosis and degeneration.
11- Cardiac muscle :
19 out of 40 Trichinella infected pigs showed
myocardial inflammatory infiltration. either scanty
(9 pigs) consisting of lymphocytes or mild (10
pigs) consisting of lymphocytes.
occasionallyeosinophils.
16 and 9 out of 40 Trichinella infected pigs showed
plasma cells and
mild and moderate cardiac muscle necrosis and
degeneration respectively.
111- The kidney :
Glomeruli :
11. 9 and 12 out of 40 Trichinella infected pigs
showed mi ld , moderate and marked mesangial
proliferation respectively.
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Convoluted tubules
All of the forty Trichinella infected pigs showed
cloudy swelling of the convoluted tubules.
Collecting tubules
Only 4 pigs showed dilated collecting tubules.
Interstitium
11. 7 and 8 out of 40 Trichinella infected pigs
showed mild, moderate and marked interstitial
inflammatory infiltration respectively.
22 and 2 out of 40 Trichinella infected pigs showed
mild and moderate interstitial fibrosis respectively.
IV- The liver:
Portal tract
23 out of 40 Trichinella infected pigs showed
inflammatory infiltration in their portal tracts.
either scanty (4 pigs). mild (16 pigs) or moderate (3
pigs) consisting of lymphocytes. plasma cells.
macrophages and eosinophils.
28 pigs showed portal tract fibrosis either mild (18
pigs). moderate (8 pigs}or marked (2 pigs).
Hepatocytes
11. 3 and 8 out of 40 Trichinella infected pigs
showed focal necrosis. cloudy swelling and hydropic
degeneration of hepatocytes respectively.
Kupffer cells
12 out of 40 Trichinella infected pigs showed
hyperplasia of kupffer cells.
5- Experimental work results:
6 week post infection. direct muscle examination showed
negative Trichinella infection of all rats fed on
infected meat boiled either for 1/4. 1/2 or 1 hour.
positive Trichinella infection of all rats fed on
infected meat. kept at 4 C degrees either for 3 days. 1
week or 2 weeks and positive Trichinella infection of all
rats fed on infected fresh meat.
Eosinophilic counts of rats fed on boiled infected meat
were within normal (2-5%). Rats fed on frozen meat showed
eosinophilic counts of < 15 % in 2 rats. 15-30 % in 9
rats and> 30 % in 19 rats. Rats fed on infected fresh
meat showed eosinophilic counts of < 15 % in one rat. 15-
30% in 3 rats and> 30 % in 6 rats. The lower and higher
levels of eosinophilia recorded in Trichinella positively
infected rats were 12 % and 62 % respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
During this work. many parasitic infections were
recorded among Egyptian pigs slaughtered in El-Basateen
abattoir. Recorded prevalences of trichinosis and
cystricercosis were 2.33 % and 0.08 % respectively. with
negligible change when compared with the mean prevalence of
trichinosis (2.65%) and cysticercosis (0.1%) during the
preceding five years. recorded in the same abattoir.
Recorded prevalences of toxoplasmosis and balantidiasis were
14 % and 81 % respectively.
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The presence of Trichinella encysted larvae in between
skeletal muscle fibres enhances inflammatory infiltration or
even granuloma-like reaction consisting of lymphocytes.
eosinophils. macrophages. plasma and giant cells around
encysted larvae. Fatty infiltration and degeneration may be
present and muscle necrosis and degeneration is a constant
finding. The more the intensity of infection. the severer
will be the pathological changes within the skeletal muscles
of Trichinella infected pigs.
Passage of Trichinella larvae through the myocardium
may enhance scanty or mild cellular infiltration. consisting
of lymphocytes. plasma cells and occasionally eosinophils
and may lead to cardiac muscle necrosis and degeneration as
a direct mechanical damage or cardiotoxic effect.
Trichinella infection in pigs is associated with
serious pathological changes in their kidney tissue
represented by mesangial proliferation. cloudy swelling of
the convoluted tubules and cellular infiltration and
fibrosis of the interstitium due to either passage of
larvae. nephrotoxic effect or an immune complex reaction.
Liver may be affected by trichinosis showing
inflammatory infiltration and fibrosis of the portal tracts.
cloudy swelling and hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes and
may be hyperplasia of Kupffer cells due to either passage of
larvae. hepatotoxic effect or an immunological reaction.
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Proper cooking of pig’s meat by boiling for at least
1/4 hour is enough to kill encysted Trichinella larvae.
provided that meat is in small pieces. while freezing at 4 C
degrees even up to 2 weeks is not effective.
High eosinophilia (> 20 %) is a constant finding in
almost all rats with trichinosis. In absence of other
parasitic infections, eosinophilic count can be used as a
diagnostic tool in the muscular phase of trichinosis as well
assessment of the effectiveness of therapy.
RECOMMENDATIONS
from the results recorded in the present study. it
becomes clear that pigs are dangerous source of human
infection with many serious fatal parasitic diseases, therefore
breeding. slaughtering and eating pigs must be
forbidden. If this is not possible. the following precautions
must be followed:
People has to be aware of hazards of eating pig’s meat.
Farms and breeding places of pigs must be supervised
medically by veterinary doctors.
Refuse substances has to be treated chemically as they
are the main food of pigs.
Pigs in farms must not be allowed to eat raw garbage.
Rats and cats control projects around breeding places
has to be planned.
There must be a medical program in the abattoir for
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detecting Toxoplasma infected pigs which have to be
condemned.
Periodic stool examination for Balantidium coli infection
must be done for people dealing with pigs in farms and
abattoirs. and people showing infection must be treated.
Proper cooking of pig’s meat by boiling for at least 1/4
hour. provided that meat is in small pieces is the only
effective method for killing Trichinella encysted larvae.