الفهرس 
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Abstract
The mediterranean sea has a complex geological histry.in the early miocene 18million years ago it was a wide channel between the atlantic and the indo-pacific oceans.during the miocene the mediterranean sea gradually transformed by plate tectonics into a broad atlantic gulf at the end at the end of thelate miocene messinian it was isolated from the atlantic due to evaporation at this time several tens to hundreds of meters thick salt layers were deposited this is known as the messinian salnity crisis thesea was connected again to the altatic ocean in the lower pliocene and attained its present morphology.