الفهرس 
Introduction and Aim of the Work
AIM OF THE WORkOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Although CVI of the LL is a well-known medical problem since Hippocrates, 2000 years ago, yet it is considered as ”Cinderella” of LL affections which is surely the most troublesome, unloved member of the family. It is one of the major problems encountered in medical practice, commonly affecting middle aged patients in their 4th decade thus, has hazardous impact on the community income, patients moral and financial of life.
Venous hypertension is the keystone for development of CVI. It results from either vavular incompetence or venous obstruction or combination of both. Vavular incompetence is either primary ”floppy valve or congenital valvular aplasia” or secondary to post-thrombotic syndrome with consequent destruction of the valve apparatus.