الفهرس يوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
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المستخلص
The present work was designed to investigate the neurotoxic effects of cadmium chloride which is an occupational and environmental pollutant. The study was extended to investigate the effectiveness of some drugs “Desferroxamine, Disodium EDTA, their combination, Nicotinamide and Ginger plant” in the treatment of cadmium chloride neurotoxicity.
Changes in the spontaneous electroencephalographic pattern and the mean voltage were evaluated. Moreover, the evoked brain activities including the photic and sonic after effects were measured and calculated.
The main findings of the present study can be summarized as follows:
1- The acute administration of cadmium chloride (5 and 10 mg/kg, oral) to conscious rabbits caused a stimulant effect evidenced by an increase in the rapid wave counts and total number of waves, as well as, a decrease in the slow wave counts and mean voltage. In addition, the after effect to the photic and sonic stimuli was increased. Whereas, the stimulant effect is more predominant by cadmium chloride 10 mg/kg.
2- The sub-acute administration of cadmium chloride (1 mg/kg, oral) for 15 days to conscious rabbits caused a significant stimulant effect evidenced by a significant increase in the rapid wave counts and total number of waves, as well as, a decrease in the slow wave counts and mean voltage. In addition, the time of the after effect to the photic and sonic stimuli was significantly increased.
3- The administration of desferroxamine (30 mg/kg, I.M.) to conscious rabbits caused unexpected slight stimulant effect evidenced by a slight increase in the rapid wave counts and total number of waves, as well as, slight reduction in the slow wave counts and mean voltage. In addition, the after effect to the photic and sonic stimuli was slightly increased.
4- The administration of desferroxamine (30 mg/kg, I.M.) to conscious rabbits pretreated with administration of cadmium chloride (10 mg/kg, oral) caused a slight recovery of the stimulant effect produced by cadmium chloride evidenced by a slight decrease in the rapid wave counts and total number of waves, as well as, a slight increase in the slow wave counts and mean voltage. In addition, the time of the after effect to the photic and sonic stimuli was slightly decreased.
5- The administration of disodium EDTA (100 mg/kg, I.M.) to conscious rabbits caused unexpected slight stimulant effect, as a result of a slight increase in the rapid wave counts and total number of waves, as well as, a slight decrease in the slow wave counts and mean voltage. In addition, a slight increase in the time of after effect to the photic and sonic stimuli.
6- The administration of disodium EDTA (100 mg/kg, I.M.) to conscious rabbits pretreated with administration of cadmium chloride (10 mg/kg, oral) caused a recovery for the stimulant effect produced by cadmium chloride evidenced by a significant decrease in the rapid wave counts and total number of waves, as well as, a significant increase in the slow wave counts and mean voltage. In addition, the after effect for both photic and sonic stimuli was significantly decreased.
7- The administration of both desferroxamine (30mg/kg, I.M.) and disodium EDTA (100 mg/kg, I.M.) to conscious rabbits pretreated with administration of cadmium chloride (10 mg/kg, oral) caused a significant decrease in the rapid wave counts and total number of waves, as well as, a significant increase in the slow wave counts and mean voltage. In addition, the after effect to the photic and sonic stimuli was significantly decreased resulting in a significant recovery for the stimulant effect produced by cadmium chloride.
8- The administration of nicotinamide (100 mg/kg, I.P.) to conscious rabbits caused a stimulant effect evidenced by an increase in the rapid wave counts and total number of waves, as well as, a decrease in the slow wave counts and mean voltage. In addition, the duration of the after effect for both photic and sonic stimuli was increased.
9- The administration of cadmium chloride (10 mg/kg, oral) to conscious rabbits pretreated with administration of nicotinamide (100 mg/kg, I.P.) led to a significant increase in the rapid wave counts and total number of waves, as well as, a significant decrease in the slow wave counts and mean voltage. In addition, the time of the after effect to the photic and sonic stimuli was significantly increased producing a significant stimulant effect.
10- The administration of ginger powder (50 mg/kg, oral) to conscious rabbits caused a slight stimulant effect evidenced by a slight increase in the rapid wave counts and total number of waves, as well as, a slight decrease in the slow wave counts and mean voltage. In addition, the time of the after effect for both photic and sonic stimuli was slightly increased.
11- The administration of cadmium chloride (10 mg/kg, oral) to conscious rabbits pretreated with administration of ginger powder (50 mg/kg, oral) caused a slight recovery for the stimulant effect produced by cadmium chloride evidenced by a slight decrease in the rapid wave counts and total number of waves, as well as, a slight increase in the slow wave counts and mean voltage. In addition, the duration of the after effect for both photic and sonic stimuli was slightly decreased.
* Depending on the previously summarized results, it may be concluded that :
1- Acute and sub-acute injection of cadmium chloride – induced an increase in brain activity.
2- Desferroxamine administration – induced non significant increase in brain activity, whereas its administration after acute dose of cadmium chloride caused mild antagonistic activity for the stimulatory effect of cadmium chloride.
3- Disodium EDTA administration – induced non significant increase in brain activity, whereas its administration after acute dose of cadmium chloride masked the stimulatory effect of cadmium chloride.
4- The combination of disodium EDTA and desferroxamine has the ability to counteract the stimulatory effect of cadmium chloride.
5- Nicotinamide administration caused an increase in brain activity furthermore, its administration prior to acute dose of cadmium chloride exhibited more stimulatory effect than produced by cadmium chloride on brain activity.
6- Ginger administration – induced non significant increase in brain activity, whereas its administration prior to acute dose of cadmium chloride caused mild antagonistic activity for the stimulatory effect of cadmium chloride.
Therefore, cadmium chloride – induces stimulation of brain activity. This stimulant effect is not counteracted by nicotinamide so, the role of cadmium chloride as a free radical inducer could be excluded. On the other hand, a brief word of caution should be mentioned that, the idealistic treatment of cadmium chloride toxicity is the use of a combination of disodium EDTA and desferroxamine.