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Abstract
The first planned laparoscopic colon operations were performed by fowler, Franklin and Jacobs in 1990, and since that time innumerable procedures have been performed to control bleeding, relieve obstruction, remove tumors, cure infections, and aid defecation.
Important principles of colonic surgery include:
1- Control infection,
2- Minimize blood loss,
3- Avoid large wounds,
4- Obviate short- and long-term complications,
5- Minimize pain,
Incidence of cancer colon increased with increasing socioeconomic status in contrast cancer rectum fall with increasing socioeconomic status. Diets high in meat and fat and low in fruit and vegetables are associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. Also people in sedentary job have about a 60% high risk of colorectal cancer than people in active jobs. A number of groups have an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer. At highest risk are those with either of the dominantly inherited conditions familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and hereditary non polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC).
The most of colorectal cancers arise in adenomatous polyps and that their ablation arrests the development of cancer at that site. Other groups at moderately increased risk included those with long-standing ulcerative colitis or Cohen’s disease.
Early detection of colorectal cancer (CRC) is actually prevented by detection and removal of adenomatous polyps. Because of the slow growth period, regular screening tests can detect CRC in its earliest phase, before any symptoms have occurred. Several approaches are available for the detection of colorectal neoplasia, including physical examination, digital rectal examination, fecal occult blood testing (FOBT), serum Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), standard Sigmoidoscopy, fiber optic Sigmoidoscopy, full colonoscopy, single and double contrast barium enema, and combinations of these 6 procedures.