الفهرس 
AcknowledgmentOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 203 |  |  |
| | | from | 203 | | |
Abstract
Typhoid fever represent a major health problem. In developed countries it has a large and economic impact. In developing countries it has a great effect on both patient and the society. The diagnosis of typhoid fever could be a problem to clinician as a clinical entity it differed in many respects from description in text books. It was reported that, the clinical pattern of typhoid fever especially in endemic areas often pose diagnostic difficulties even for experienced clinicians. Since the introduction of chloramphenicol, the clinical picture of typhoid is relatively non specific. Therefore the laboratory diagnosis of the disease can not be overemphasized. The bacteriological diagnosis of typhoid fever depends on: (1) Detection of bacterial antigens in blood or other biological fluids. (2) Detection of antibodies towards these antigens in the sera of patients. 138 Detection of bacterial antigens depends on the isolation of microorganisms by cultural procedures bacterial antigens by immunological tests. and / or detection of Cultural procedures include culture of blood, stool, urine and other cultural techniques as rose spots, bone marrow aspirate (BMAC) and duodenal string capsule (DSC). Detection of bacterial antigens using immunological tests includes several methods as Slide co-agglutination test (CoAg), Flouresent - Anti body (FA) and Enzyme linked technique immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Most authors agreed that isolation of the etiological agent (Salmonella typhi) by cultural procedures is the most reliable meth.od for diagnosis of typhoid fever but the long tiIile required to obtain and confirm positive isolates is a serious. drawback of cultural procedures. Detection of antibodies in patients sera could be achieved by several Widal test, Passive agglutination methods as haemagglutination assay (PHA), Counter immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). 139 This study was conducted to evaluate the ability of ELISA for IgM anti-LPS as a rapid technique to diagnose typhoid fever, and compare its results with those of conventional blood culture technique and Widal test regarding their specificity and sensitivity. Membrane ELISA was also evaluated as a rapid technique for the presumptive detection of group D Salmonella and its results was compared to those of conventional biochemical and serological identification. The material of this study included two grQups: typhoid patients group which comprised 110 patients clinically diagnosed as typhoid patients and control group of 40 individuals, 25 of them were healthy individuals and the remaining 15 were patients with other febrile diseases other than typhoid fever. History of the disease was taken from all cases and blood culture by clot culture technique was done to all cases, ELISA test for IgM anti-LPS of Salmonella typhiand Widal test were done to all cases and control. A second serum sample was obtained whenever possible from cases and this sample was assayed using both ELISA for IgM anti-LPS of Salmonella typhi and Widal test. 140 The mean age affected in this study was between 10-19 years old (44.2), followed by the age group between 0-9 years (23), both the age groups of 20-29 and 30-39 (11.53) the lowest incidence of the disease was reported in the age group above 40 years.