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Abstract
The ankle is one of the most common sites for acute musculoskeletal injuries, and sprains account for 75 percent of ankle injuries. Acute ankle trauma is responsible for 10 to 30 percent of sports-related injuries in young athletes. More than 40 percent of ankle sprains have the potential to cause chronic problems.
The bones involved in ankle articulation are the distal tibia and fibula, including the malleoli and the talus.. The talus is a wedge-shaped bone that is wider anteriorly than posteriorly and fits into the mortise formed by the bound tibia and fibula.
This articulation is maintained by many ligamentous attachments, on the lateral side by the anterior talofibular, calcaneofibular and posterior talofibular ligaments and medially by the deltoid complex of ligaments .
Movement at the ankle joint itself actually occurs only in the vertical plane (i.e., dorsiflexion and plantarflexion) around its oblique axis. Inversion and eversion actually take place at the subtalar.
The most common mechanism of injury in ankle sprains is a combination of plantarflexion and inversion. The lateral stabilizing ligaments, are most often damaged. The anterior talofibular ligament is the most easily injured. Concomitant injury to this ligament and the calcaneofibular ligament can result in appreciable instability.
Medial ankle stability is provided by the strong deltoid ligament, the anterior tibiofibular ligament and the bony mortise . In medial ankle sprains, the mechanism of injury is excessive eversion and dorsiflexion.