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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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INTRODUCTION AND AIM OF THE WORK
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Review of literature
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Anatomy of the pleyra
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Dynamics of the pleural space
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History of thoracoscopy
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Instrumentation and Technique
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Video-Assisted Thoracoscopy
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Complications of Thoracoscopy
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Contraindications to Thoracoscopy
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PATIENTS AND METHODS
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RESULTS
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DISCUSSION
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
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REFERENCES
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ARABIC SUMMARY