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Abstract
Bile duct strictures may be malignant or benign. Most benign bile duct strictures are iatrogenic, resulting from operative trauma.
Malignant strictures usually are the result of either a primary duct cancer or extrinsic compression of the bile ducts by a neoplasm in an adjacent organ, such as the gall bladder, pancreas or liver.
Bile duct strictures may be asymptomatic, but if ignored can be associated with distressing symptoms and excessive morbidity.
Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography has been used for the diagnosis and treatment of biliary tract disorders; it is especially useful for lesions proximal to CBD.