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Abstract
Pulmonary embolism is a condition that occurs when an artery in the lung becomes blocked.
By far, the most common form of pulmonary embolism is a thromboembolism, that usually has migrated from a leg or pelvic vein ,Once released into the venous circulation, thromboemboli are distributed to both lungs.
Venous air embolism (VAE) is a potentially lethal complication that can occur during any surgical procedure in which the operative site is 5cm or higher above the right atrium or gas is forced under pressure into a body cavity. Although VAE is typically described as a complication of neurosurgery, it can occur during procedures involving the head and neck, laparoscopic procedures, vaginal delivery and caesarean section, and spinal instrumentation procedures. VAE has been reported to occur during liver transplantation. Although many occurrences of VAE are asymptomatic, entrainment of large quantities of air can lead to cardiovascular collapse, severe neurological injuries, and death.
Amniotic fluid embolus continues to be one of the most feared and devastating complications of pregnancy. It can be neither predicted nor prevented . its presentation is variable and, similar to other embolic phenomena, it is believed to encompass the spectrum of disease from a subclinical entry to one that is rapidly fatal.
Fat embolism (FE) is the occlusion of small blood vessels by fat droplets originated mainly from femur, tibia and pelvis fractures, as well as from knee and hip arthroplasty. It usually does not cause damage to the involved organs, unless when it is massive. In a few cases, FE evolves to the ‘fat embolism syndrome’ (FES), affecting most often the lungs and the brain, although any organ or structure of the body can be damaged.